Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland.
Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Education and Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
Ann Behav Med. 2021 Nov 18;55(12):1198-1210. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaab004.
There are two alternative mechanisms, elucidating the reciprocal relationship between self-efficacy and social support when explaining health outcomes: self-efficacy beliefs may operate as the establisher of social support (the cultivation model) or social support may enable the formation of self-efficacy beliefs (the enabling model).
In line with the cultivation hypothesis, it was tested if self-efficacy (measured in parents and children) would indirectly predict parental and child moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), via the mediator, social support (parent-provided, child-received). In line with the enabling hypothesis, it was tested if social support would predict MVPA indirectly, via the mediator, self-efficacy.
A total of 879 parent-child dyads (1758 individuals; 52.4% girls, aged 5-11 years old, 83.2% mothers) provided self-reports at the baseline (T1) and the 7- to 8-month follow-up (T2). Body weight and height were measured objectively. Manifest path analyses were performed, controlling for the baseline levels of the mediator and dependent variables.
A similar number of significant simple indirect effects was found for the cultivation and the enabling model. Across the models, the indirect effects followed similar patterns: (a) within-individual indirect effects in children; (b) across-individual indirect effects, with the independent variable measured in children and the mediator/dependent variables measured in parents (e.g., child self-efficacy predicted parental support provision and, indirectly, parental MVPA); (c) across-individual indirect effects, accounting for self-efficacy and MVPA measured in children, combined with parental reports of social support.
The findings provide support for both cultivation and enabling models in the context of MVPA among parent-child dyads.
有两种可供选择的机制可以解释自我效能感和社会支持之间的相互关系，从而解释健康结果：自我效能感信念可能是社会支持的建立者（培养模型），或者社会支持可能使自我效能感信念得以形成（赋能模型）。
根据培养假设，检验自我效能感（在父母和孩子中测量）是否通过中介变量（父母提供、孩子接受的社会支持）间接预测父母和孩子的中等到剧烈体力活动（MVPA）。根据赋能假设，检验社会支持是否通过中介变量自我效能感间接预测 MVPA。
共有 879 对父母-子女（1758 人；女孩占 52.4%，年龄为 5-11 岁，83.2%为母亲）在基线（T1）和 7-8 个月随访（T2）时提供了自我报告。体重和身高通过客观方法进行测量。在控制中介变量和因变量的基线水平的情况下，进行了显式路径分析。
在培养和赋能模型中，发现了相同数量的显著简单间接效应。在所有模型中，间接效应呈现出相似的模式：（a）儿童的个体内间接效应；（b）跨个体间接效应，其中自变量在儿童中测量，而中介变量/因变量在父母中测量（例如，儿童自我效能感预测父母的支持提供，并且间接地预测父母的 MVPA）；（c）跨个体间接效应，同时考虑到在儿童中测量的自我效能感和 MVPA，以及父母对社会支持的报告。
这些发现为 MVPA 中父母-子女二元体的培养和赋能模型提供了支持。
