Sasisekaran Jayanthi, Lei Xiaofan
Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2021 Apr 14;64(4):1316-1330. doi: 10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00407. Epub 2021 Mar 30.
Purpose We investigated developmental differences in a dual task involving rhyming and tone judgment/decisions and the effects of varying cognitive demands on task performance. Method Participants were 7- to 11-year-olds, 12- to 15-year-olds, and adults between 18 and 40 years ( = 19 per group). The rhyming task consisted of three stimuli categories (nonrhyme, rhyme, and replica), and the tone task stimuli were presented at short (100 ms) versus long (900 ms) stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) from the onset of the rhyme task to vary cognitive demands. Response time (RT) and error data were analyzed using linear and binomial mixed-methods analysis, respectively. Results and Conclusions Adults did not show an SOA-based effect in rhyming RT, while the 12- to 15-year-olds showed the most effect (RT, long > short SOA). Response to the replica category was significantly faster than for the other categories in all age groups. A reverse SOA effect was evident in the tone task (RT, short > long SOA) in all age groups. The 7- to 11-year-olds showed twice the task switch cost effect in the tone task RT. Age grouping and phoneme awareness were significant predictors of performance in both tasks, and additionally, SOA was a significant predictor of performance in the secondary task. The findings have implications for (a) understanding maturational differences in rhyming and executive control for dual tasking and the cognitive mechanisms supporting such effects and (b) identifying variables contributing to the developmental differences.
目的 我们研究了一项涉及押韵和声调判断/决策的双重任务中的发育差异，以及不同认知需求对任务表现的影响。方法 参与者为7至11岁、12至15岁以及18至40岁的成年人（每组19人）。押韵任务由三种刺激类别（非押韵、押韵和重复）组成，声调任务刺激在押韵任务开始后以短（100毫秒）与长（900毫秒）的刺激起始异步（SOA）呈现，以改变认知需求。分别使用线性和二项式混合方法分析反应时间（RT）和错误数据。结果与结论 成年人在押韵反应时间上未表现出基于SOA的效应，而12至15岁的青少年表现出的效应最大（反应时间，长SOA > 短SOA）。在所有年龄组中，对重复类别的反应明显快于其他类别。在声调任务中，所有年龄组均出现了相反的SOA效应（反应时间，短SOA > 长SOA）。7至11岁的儿童在声调任务反应时间上表现出两倍的任务切换成本效应。年龄分组和音素意识是两项任务表现的显著预测因素，此外，SOA是次要任务表现的显著预测因素。这些发现对于（a）理解双重任务中押韵和执行控制的成熟差异以及支持此类效应的认知机制，以及（b）识别导致发育差异的变量具有启示意义。
