Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Development. 2021 Apr 6;148(7). doi: 10.1242/dev.192344. Print 2021 Apr 1.
Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in , zebrafish and embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
骨形态发生蛋白 (BMPs) 的模式形成在多个方面表现出显著的灵活性和实用性，例如早期胚胎发育、组织模式形成和干细胞龛的维持。BMP 可以在多个时间和空间尺度上对组织进行模式化：短至 1-2 个细胞直径的 BMP 梯度可以在 24 小时的周期内维持生殖细胞龛的干细胞特性，而数百微米的 BMP 梯度可以在 30 分钟到几个小时的时间内建立 、斑马鱼 和 胚胎的背腹组织特化。形成 BMP 信号梯度的机制也非常多样化。尽管配体扩散在形成梯度中起主导作用，但一系列可扩散和不可扩散的调节剂调节梯度的形成，并赋予其稳健性，包括尺度不变性和对基因表达和生长扰动的适应性。在这篇综述中，我们记录了形成和细化 BMP 梯度的多种方式，并确定了它们共享的核心原则，以实现可靠的性能。
