Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 60-631, Poznan, Poland.
Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA92354, USA.
Environ Res. 2021 Jun;197:111090. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111090. Epub 2021 Mar 31.
Several reports confirm the deleterious effects of tobacco smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) resulting in changes in the composition of breast milk. The aim of our study was to compare the levels of selected essential, as well as, toxic metals found in colostrum (collected at day 1 ± 2 post-birth) and mature milk (1 month ± 7 days post-birth) of nonsmoking women (n = 52) compared to those found in women who smoke tobacco (n = 51) and women exposed to second-hand smoke during pregnancy and lactation (n = 47). Women's non-smoking or smoking status was determined by their responses to a questionnaire, including questions about others who may smoke in the home environment, and confirmed by measurement of cotinine in the blood serum by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS) techniques were used to determine the metal concentrations in colostrum and mature milk previously digested by a microwave mineralizer. We confirmed that exposure to tobacco smoke increases concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium and lead) in colostrum and mature milk. These increased concentrations of heavy metals may disturb the action of bioactive substances necessary for the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. These findings support the need for increased concern and information to lactating women about preventing their exposure to cigarette smoking and SHS due to the adverse effects of tobacco smoke on breast milk with added risks to their infants.
已有多项报告证实，吸烟和接触二手烟（SHS）会对母乳成分产生有害影响。我们的研究旨在比较不吸烟妇女（n=52）与吸烟妇女（n=51）和孕期及哺乳期接触二手烟妇女（n=47）的初乳（产后第 1 天±2 天采集）和成熟乳（产后 1 个月±7 天采集）中选定的必需和有毒金属的水平。妇女的不吸烟或吸烟状态通过问卷调查来确定，问卷中包括关于家庭环境中是否有其他人吸烟的问题，并通过高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法（HPLC-DAD）测定血清中叶酸的含量来确认。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和火焰原子吸收光谱法（F-AAS）技术，对经微波消解的初乳和成熟乳中的金属浓度进行测定。我们证实，接触烟草烟雾会增加初乳和成熟乳中重金属（镉和铅）的浓度。这些重金属浓度的增加可能会干扰对新生儿和婴儿最佳生长发育所必需的生物活性物质的作用。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即需要向哺乳期妇女提供更多的关注和信息，以防止她们接触香烟烟雾和 SHS，因为烟草烟雾会对母乳产生不利影响，从而增加婴儿的风险。
