Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 6;22(5):2668. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052668.
During tissue injury events, the innate immune system responds immediately to alarms sent from the injured cells, and the adaptive immune system subsequently joins in the inflammatory reaction. The control mechanism of each immune reaction relies on the orchestration of different types of T cells and the activators, antigen-presenting cells, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokines. Mitochondria are an intracellular signaling organelle and energy plant, which supply the energy requirement of the immune system and maintain the system activation with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extracellular mitochondria can elicit regenerative effects or serve as an activator of the immune cells to eliminate the damaged cells. Recent clarification of the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggering innate immunity underscores the pivotal role of mitochondria in inflammation-related diseases. Human mesenchymal stem cells could transfer mitochondria through nanotubular structures to defective mitochondrial DNA cells. In recent years, mitochondrial therapy has shown promise in treating heart ischemic events, Parkinson's disease, and fulminating hepatitis. Taken together, these results emphasize the emerging role of mitochondria in immune-cell-mediated tissue regeneration and ageing.
在组织损伤事件中，先天免疫系统会立即对来自受损细胞的警报做出反应，随后适应性免疫系统也会参与炎症反应。每种免疫反应的控制机制都依赖于不同类型的 T 细胞以及激活剂、抗原呈递细胞、共刺激分子和细胞因子的协调作用。线粒体是一种细胞内信号细胞器和能量工厂，它为免疫系统提供能量需求，并通过产生活性氧 (ROS) 来维持系统的激活。细胞外的线粒体可以引发再生效应，或作为免疫细胞的激活剂来清除受损细胞。最近，细胞质中线粒体 DNA 触发先天免疫的逃逸机制得到了澄清，这突显了线粒体在炎症相关疾病中的关键作用。人类间充质干细胞可以通过纳米管结构将线粒体转移到有缺陷的线粒体 DNA 细胞中。近年来，线粒体治疗在治疗心肌缺血事件、帕金森病和暴发性肝炎方面显示出了希望。综上所述，这些结果强调了线粒体在免疫细胞介导的组织再生和衰老中的新兴作用。
