Palomo-Ríos Elena, Narváez Isabel, Pliego-Alfaro Fernando, Mercado José A
Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
Genes (Basel). 2021 Mar 9;12(3):386. doi: 10.3390/genes12030386.
Olive ( L.) is the most characteristic and important oil crop of the Mediterranean region. Traditional olive cultivation is based on few tens cultivars of ancient origin. To improve this crop, novel selections with higher tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, adaptable to high-density planting systems and resilient to climate change are needed; however, breeding programs are hindered by the long juvenile period of this species and few improved genotypes have been released so far. Genetic transformation could be of great value, in the near future, to develop new varieties or rootstocks in a shorter time; in addition, it has currently become an essential tool for functional genomic studies. The recalcitrance of olive tissues to their in vitro manipulation has been the main bottleneck in the development of genetic transformation procedures in this species; however, some important traits such as fungal resistance, flowering or lipid composition have successfully been manipulated through the genetic transformation of somatic embryos of juvenile or adult origin, providing a proof of the potential role that this technology could have in olive improvement. However, the optimization of these protocols for explants of adult origin is a prerequisite to obtain useful materials for the olive industry. In this review, initially, factors affecting plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis are discussed. Subsequently, the different transformation approaches explored in olive are reviewed. Finally, transgenic experiments with genes of interest undertaken to manipulate selected traits are discussed.
油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）是地中海地区最具特色且最重要的油料作物。传统的油橄榄种植基于少数几个古老起源的品种。为了改良这种作物，需要培育出对生物和非生物胁迫具有更高耐受性、适应高密度种植系统且能抵御气候变化的新型品种；然而，由于该物种的幼年期较长，育种计划受到阻碍，到目前为止，很少有改良的基因型被培育出来。在不久的将来，基因转化对于在更短时间内培育新品种或砧木可能具有重要价值；此外，它目前已成为功能基因组学研究的重要工具。油橄榄组织对离体操作的难处理性一直是该物种基因转化程序发展的主要瓶颈；然而，通过对幼年或成年来源的体细胞胚进行基因转化，一些重要性状，如抗真菌性、开花或脂质组成等已成功得到调控，这证明了这项技术在油橄榄改良中可能发挥的潜在作用。然而，优化这些针对成年来源外植体的方案是为油橄榄产业获得有用材料的先决条件。在这篇综述中，首先讨论了影响通过体细胞胚发生进行植株再生的因素。随后，综述了油橄榄中探索的不同转化方法。最后，讨论了利用感兴趣的基因进行转基因实验以调控选定性状的情况。
