Mthembu Thobeka P, Zishiri Oliver T, El Zowalaty Mohamed E
Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
Animals (Basel). 2021 Mar 18;11(3):872. doi: 10.3390/ani11030872.
The rising trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by foodborne bacteria is a public health concern as these pathogens are easily transmitted to humans through the food chain. Non-typhoid spp. is one of the leading foodborne pathogens which infect humans worldwide and is associated with food and livestock. Due to the lack of discovery of new antibiotics and the pressure exerted by antimicrobial resistance in the pharmaceutical industry, this review aimed to address the issue of antibiotic use in livestock which leads to AMR in . Much attention was given to resistance to carbapenems and colistin which are the last-line antibiotics used in cases of multi drug resistant bacterial infections. In the present review, we highlighted data published on antimicrobial resistant species and serovars associated with livestock and food chain animals. The importance of genomic characterization of carbapenem and colistin resistant in determining the relationship between human clinical isolates and food animal isolates was also discussed in this review. Plasmids, transposons, and insertion sequence elements mediate dissemination of not only AMR genes but also genes for resistance to heavy metals and disinfectants, thus limiting the therapeutic options for treatment and control of . Genes for resistance to colistin ( to ) and carbapenem (, , and ) have been detected from poultry, pig, and human isolates, indicating food animal-associated AMR which is a threat to human public health. Genotyping, plasmid characterization, and phylogenetic analysis is important in understanding the epidemiology of livestock-related so that measures of preventing foodborne threats to humans can be improved.
食源性病原体的抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）呈上升趋势，这是一个公共卫生问题，因为这些病原体很容易通过食物链传播给人类。非伤寒沙门氏菌是全球感染人类的主要食源性病原体之一，与食物和家畜有关。由于缺乏新抗生素的发现以及制药行业中抗菌药物耐药性所带来的压力，本综述旨在解决家畜中抗生素使用导致食源性病原体产生AMR的问题。人们高度关注对碳青霉烯类和粘菌素的耐药性，它们是用于治疗多重耐药细菌感染的最后一线抗生素。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了已发表的关于与家畜和食物链动物相关的抗菌药物耐药沙门氏菌物种和血清型的数据。本综述还讨论了碳青霉烯类和粘菌素耐药沙门氏菌的基因组特征在确定人类临床分离株与食用动物分离株之间关系方面的重要性。质粒、转座子和插入序列元件不仅介导AMR基因的传播，还介导重金属和消毒剂耐药基因的传播，从而限制了食源性病原体治疗和控制的治疗选择。已从家禽、猪和人类沙门氏菌分离株中检测到粘菌素（mcr-1至mcr-9）和碳青霉烯类（blaNDM、blaKPC、blaIMP和blaVIM）耐药基因，这表明与食用动物相关的AMR对人类公共卫生构成威胁。基因分型、质粒特征分析和系统发育分析对于了解与家畜相关的沙门氏菌的流行病学很重要，以便改进预防食源性人类威胁的措施。
