Lima Ana Rita, Pinto Joana, Amaro Filipa, Bastos Maria de Lourdes, Carvalho Márcia, Guedes de Pinho Paula
UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, Praça Nove de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal.
Metabolites. 2021 Mar 19;11(3):181. doi: 10.3390/metabo11030181.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. For its screening, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test has been largely performed over the past decade, despite its lack of accuracy and inability to distinguish indolent from aggressive disease. Metabolomics has been widely applied in cancer biomarker discovery due to the well-known metabolic reprogramming characteristic of cancer cells. Most of the metabolomic studies have reported alterations in urine of PCa patients due its noninvasive collection, but the analysis of prostate tissue metabolome is an ideal approach to disclose specific modifications in PCa development. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most recent findings from tissue and urine metabolomic studies applied to PCa biomarker discovery. Eighteen metabolites were found consistently altered in PCa tissue among different studies, including alanine, arginine, uracil, glutamate, fumarate, and citrate. Urine metabolomic studies also showed consistency in the dysregulation of 15 metabolites and, interestingly, alterations in the levels of valine, taurine, leucine and citrate were found in common between urine and tissue studies. These findings unveil that the impact of PCa development in human metabolome may offer a promising strategy to find novel biomarkers for PCa diagnosis.
前列腺癌（PCa）是全球男性中第二大最常被诊断出的癌症。在过去十年中，尽管血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）检测缺乏准确性且无法区分惰性疾病和侵袭性疾病，但该检测在前列腺癌筛查中仍被广泛应用。由于癌细胞具有众所周知的代谢重编程特性，代谢组学已广泛应用于癌症生物标志物的发现。大多数代谢组学研究报告了前列腺癌患者尿液中的变化，因为尿液采集是非侵入性的，但分析前列腺组织代谢组是揭示前列腺癌发展过程中特定变化的理想方法。本综述旨在总结和讨论应用于前列腺癌生物标志物发现的组织和尿液代谢组学研究的最新发现。在不同研究中，发现前列腺癌组织中有18种代谢物持续发生变化，包括丙氨酸、精氨酸、尿嘧啶、谷氨酸、富马酸和柠檬酸。尿液代谢组学研究还显示15种代谢物的失调具有一致性，有趣的是，尿液和组织研究中都发现缬氨酸、牛磺酸、亮氨酸和柠檬酸水平发生了变化。这些发现表明，前列腺癌发展对人体代谢组的影响可能为寻找前列腺癌诊断的新型生物标志物提供一个有前景的策略。
