Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
Molecules. 2021 Mar 12;26(6):1559. doi: 10.3390/molecules26061559.
There is a growing global need to shift from animal- towards plant-based diets. The main motivations are environmental/sustainability-, human health- and animal welfare concerns. The aim is to replace traditional animal-based food with various alternatives, predominantly plant-based analogs. The elevated consumption of fish and seafood, leads to negative impacts on the ecosystem, due to dwindling biodiversity, environmental damage and fish diseases related to large-scale marine farming, and increased intake of toxic substances, particularly heavy metals, which accumulate in fish due to water pollution. While these facts lead to increased awareness and rising dietary shifts towards vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, still the majority of seafood consumers seek traditional products. This encourages the development of plant-based analogs for fish and seafood, mimicking the texture and sensorial properties of fish-meat, seafood, or processed fish products. Mimicking the internal structure and texture of fish or seafood requires simulating their nanometric fibrous-gel structure. Common techniques of structuring plant-based proteins into such textures include hydrospinning, electrospinning, extrusion, and 3D printing. The conditions required in each technique, the physicochemical and functional properties of the proteins, along with the use of other non-protein functional ingredients are reviewed. Trends and possible future developments are discussed.
全球范围内，人们越来越需要从动物源饮食转向植物源饮食。主要的动机是出于环境/可持续性、人类健康和动物福利方面的考虑。其目标是用各种替代品来替代传统的动物源食品，主要是植物源类似物。鱼类和海鲜消费的增加，由于生物多样性减少、环境污染和与大规模海水养殖相关的鱼类疾病以及有毒物质（特别是重金属）摄入的增加，对生态系统造成了负面影响，这些有毒物质由于水污染而在鱼类中积累。尽管这些事实提高了人们的认识，并促使人们更多地转向素食和纯素食生活方式，但大多数海鲜消费者仍在寻求传统产品。这鼓励了鱼类和海鲜的植物源类似物的开发，这些类似物模仿鱼肉、海鲜或加工鱼制品的质地和感官特性。模仿鱼类或海鲜的内部结构和质地需要模拟其纳米纤维凝胶结构。将植物源蛋白质结构化形成这种质地的常见技术包括水纺丝、静电纺丝、挤压和 3D 打印。本文综述了每种技术所需的条件、蛋白质的物理化学和功能特性，以及其他非蛋白质功能成分的使用。还讨论了趋势和可能的未来发展。
