Advances in studies on exosomes and microvesicles as markers of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular diseases lead to one of the diseases with high mortality worldwide. Although considerable progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of cardiovascular disease, there is still an urgent need for new diagnostic biomarkers and new treatments to reduce the incidence and mortality of the disease. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of protein and genetic information transmitted between adjacent and distant cells. This article summarizes various signal transmission pathways of exosomes and MVs in cardiovascular diseases, as well as their application and suggestions in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.