Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland.
Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland.
Chemosphere. 2021 Sep;279:130495. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130495. Epub 2021 Apr 7.
Data on the fate of chemical substances in the environment after e.g. manure application is mandatory input for risk assessment in perspective of a more circular biobased economy. Such fate studies include a persistence study to determine a half-life value and a mobility study. It is recognized that not only the native substance should be considered, but that also degradation products should be included that might exert a similar effect as the native substance. We report a tiered fate study strategy that starts with a persistence study. For non-persistent substances a study is performed to determine if degradation products have a similar effect as the native compound. If so, a procedure using high resolution mass spectrometry is suggested to identify the potentially active degradation products. Based on the outcomes, substances are divided into three categories: (I) persistent, (II) degradable to inactive products or (III) degradable to active products. Even though the priority is with category I and III, for all substances and possible degradation products a mobility study is proposed. The fate strategy is successfully applied to ten antimicrobially active substances originating from the tetracyclines, sulfonamides, diaminopyrimidines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and lincosamides. The fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim were relatively persistent. The sulfonamides, macrolides and lincomycin (the latter also depending on soil type) degraded relatively quickly. Tylosin A proved to degrade to antimicrobially active degradation products which were tentitatively identified as tylosin C, tylosin A acid, tylosin B acid and tylosin C acid.
关于例如在粪便施用于环境后化学物质的命运的数据，是更循环的生物基经济中风险评估的强制性输入。此类命运研究包括持久性研究，以确定半衰期值和迁移性研究。人们认识到，不仅应考虑天然物质，还应包括可能具有与天然物质相似作用的降解产物。我们报告了一个分层的命运研究策略，从持久性研究开始。对于非持久性物质，进行研究以确定降解产物是否具有与天然化合物相似的作用。如果是这样，则建议使用高分辨率质谱法来识别潜在的活性降解产物。基于结果，将物质分为三类：（I）持久性，（II）可降解为非活性产物或（III）可降解为活性产物。尽管优先级是类别 I 和 III，但建议对所有物质和可能的降解产物进行迁移性研究。该命运策略已成功应用于十种源自四环素、磺胺类、二氨基嘧啶、氟喹诺酮、大环内酯类和林可酰胺类的具有抗菌活性的物质。氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和甲氧苄啶相对持久。磺胺类、大环内酯类和林可霉素（后者也取决于土壤类型）相对较快地降解。泰乐菌素 A 被证明会降解为具有抗菌活性的降解产物，这些降解产物被暂时鉴定为泰乐菌素 C、泰乐菌素 A 酸、泰乐菌素 B 酸和泰乐菌素 C 酸。
