Recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technology of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels: Utilization in tissue engineering.

3D printing technology has grown exponentially since its introduction due to its ability to print complex structures quickly and simply. The ink used in 3D printers is one of the most discussed areas and a variety of hydrogel-based inks were developed. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is derived from cellulose, which is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, and wildly abounded biopolymer. CMC is a very qualified candidate in the preparation of hydrogels because it has good solubility in water with multiple carboxyl groups. Various physical and chemical cross-linking methods and mechanisms have been used by researchers to prepare CMC-based hydrogels. Bioprinting is a powerful technology for tissue engineering applications that have been able to design and simulate different tissue and organs with digital control. Among many advantages, which were reported for bioprinting, its high throughput, as well as precise control of scaffolding and cells, is very valuable. Considering all these tips and capabilities, in this study, the methods of preparation and improvement of CMC-based hydrogels, applied 3D printer, and the latest inks designed using this biopolymer in terms of combination, features, and performance in tissue engineering are reported.