Impact of urban morphology on the spatial and temporal distribution of PM concentration: A numerical simulation with WRF/CMAQ model in Wuhan, China.

The urban morphology can significantly change the urban microclimate, which in turn affects the diffusion of air pollutants. Urban planning is the most important means of shaping urban morphology. Therefore, this study takes Wuhan as an example and uses the method of WRF/CMAQ coupled UCM model to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of PM in the Wuhan metropolitan area in winter 2015. The six most important urban morphological indicators in urban planning: the floor area ratio and building height, building density and building width, vegetation coverage ratio, and urban fraction, are selected and classified into three groups. Studying their impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of PM concentration provides support for urban planners to improve air quality. The results show that the maximum value of PM concentration in Wuhan urban area occurs in the morning rush hour, and PM is distributed concentrically in the downtown of the city (within the second ring highway) according to the highways around the city. The PM concentration in the downtown area with the most extensive urban morphological index is the highest, and it decreases with increasing distance from the downtown. Among the six indicators, building density and urban fraction have the most significant impact on PM concentration because they have the greatest impact on the wind speed at 10 m. The height of the planetary boundary layer is the key factors affect the vertical and horizontal diffusion of air pollutants. Except for the vegetation coverage ratio, the increase of other urban morphological indicators will lead to a decrease of PM concentration in Wuhan urban area at night. During the daytime, increasing the floor area ratio and building height will cause an increasing of PM concentration, but other indicators have the opposite effects.