Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
Front Immunol. 2021 Apr 8;12:616713. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616713. eCollection 2021.
In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth, antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only affect target pathogens but also intestinal beneficially microbes, inducing long-lasting changes in intestinal microbiota associated with diseases. The application of antibiotics also has many other side effects like, intestinal barrier dysfunction, antibiotics residues in foodstuffs, nephropathy, allergy, bone marrow toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorders, hepatotoxicity carcinogenicity, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which greatly compromise the efficacy of antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antibiotics is necessary, while the search for antibiotic alternatives continues. Probiotics are considered the ideal antibiotic substitute; in recent years, probiotic research concerning their application during pathogenic infections in humans, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock industry, with emphasis on modulating the immune system of the host, has been attracting considerable interest. Hence, the adverse effects of antibiotics and remedial effects of probiotics during infectious diseases have become central points of focus among researchers. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and when given in adequate quantities, confer good health effects to the host through different mechanisms. Among them, the regulation of host immune response during pathogenic infections is one of the most important mechanisms. A number of studies have investigated different aspects of probiotics. In this review, we mainly summarize recent discoveries and discuss two important aspects: (1) the application of probiotics during pathogenic infections; and (2) their modulatory effects on the immune response of the host during infectious and non-infectious diseases.
为了抑制致病并发症和促进动物和家禽生长，抗生素已被广泛使用多年。抗生素的应用不仅影响目标病原体，还会影响肠道有益微生物，导致与疾病相关的肠道微生物群发生持久变化。抗生素的应用还有许多其他副作用，如肠道屏障功能障碍、食物中的抗生素残留、肾病、过敏、骨髓毒性、致突变性、生殖障碍、肝毒性、致癌性和抗药性细菌，这极大地影响了抗生素的疗效。因此，有必要开发新的抗生素，同时也在寻找抗生素替代品。益生菌被认为是理想的抗生素替代品；近年来，益生菌在人类、水产养殖、家禽和畜牧业中针对致病感染的应用研究，重点是调节宿主的免疫系统，引起了相当大的兴趣。因此，抗生素的不良反应和益生菌在传染病中的补救作用已成为研究人员关注的焦点。益生菌是活的微生物，当以足够的数量给予时，通过不同的机制为宿主带来良好的健康效果。其中，在致病感染期间调节宿主免疫反应是最重要的机制之一。许多研究已经调查了益生菌的不同方面。在这篇综述中，我们主要总结了最近的发现，并讨论了两个重要方面：（1）益生菌在致病感染期间的应用；（2）它们在传染性和非传染性疾病期间对宿主免疫反应的调节作用。
