Schmitt Mareike, Vogt Lutz, Wilke Jan, Niederer Daniel
Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, D-60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 Apr 26;13(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00272-6.
Excessive unilateral joint loads may lead to overuse disorders. Bilateral training in archery is only performed as a supportive coordination training and as a variation of typical exercise. However, a series of studies demonstrated a crossover transfer of training-induced motor skills to the contralateral side, especially in case of mainly unilateral skills. We compared the cervical spine and shoulder kinematics of unilateral and bilateral training archers.
In this cross-sectional study, 25 (5 females, 48 ± 14 years) bilaterally training and 50 age-, sex- and level-matched (1:2; 47.3 ± 13.9 years) unilaterally training competitive archers were included. Cervical range of motion (RoM, all planes) and glenohumeral rotation were assessed with an ultrasound-based 3D motion analysis system. Upward rotation of the scapula during abduction and elevation of the arm were measured by means of a digital inclinometer and active shoulder mobility by means of an electronic caliper. All outcomes were compared between groups (unilaterally vs. bilaterally) and sides (pull-hand- vs. bow-hand-side).
Unilateral and bilateral archers showed no between group and no side-to-side-differences in either of the movement direction of the cervical spine. The unilateral archers had higher pull-arm-side total glenohumeral rotation than the bilateral archers (mean, 95% CI), (148°, 144-152° vs. 140°, 135°-145°). In particular, internal rotation (61°, 58-65° vs. 56°, 51-61°) and more upward rotation of the scapula at 45 degrees (12°, 11-14° vs. 8°, 6-10°), 90 degrees (34°, 31-36° vs. 28°, 24-32°), 135 degrees (56°, 53-59° vs. 49°, 46-53°), and maximal (68°, 65-70° vs. 62°, 59-65°) arm abduction differed. The bow- and pull-arm of the unilateral, but not of the bilateral archers, differed in the active mobility of the shoulder (22 cm, 20-24 cm vs. 18 cm, 16-20 cm).
Unilaterally training archers display no unphysiologic movement behaviour of the cervical spine, but show distinct shoulder asymmetris in the bow- and pull-arm-side when compared to bilateral archers in glenohumeral rotation, scapula rotation during arm abduction, and active mobility of the shoulder. These asymmetries in may exceed physiological performance-enhancing degrees. Bilateral training may seems appropriate in archery to prevent asymmetries.
单侧关节负荷过重可能导致过度使用性疾病。射箭运动中的双侧训练仅作为一种辅助性协调训练以及典型训练的一种变体。然而，一系列研究表明，训练诱导的运动技能可交叉转移至对侧，尤其是在主要为单侧技能的情况下。我们比较了单侧训练和双侧训练的射箭运动员的颈椎和肩部运动学特征。
在这项横断面研究中，纳入了25名（5名女性，年龄48±14岁）进行双侧训练的竞技射箭运动员以及50名年龄、性别和水平匹配（1:2；年龄47.3±13.9岁）的单侧训练竞技射箭运动员。使用基于超声的三维运动分析系统评估颈椎活动范围（ROM，所有平面）和盂肱关节旋转。通过数字倾角仪测量手臂外展和抬高过程中肩胛骨的上旋，通过电子卡尺测量主动肩部活动度。对两组（单侧与双侧）和两侧（拉弓侧与持弓侧）的所有结果进行比较。
单侧和双侧射箭运动员在颈椎的任何运动方向上，组间和两侧之间均无差异。单侧射箭运动员拉弓侧的盂肱关节总旋转角度高于双侧射箭运动员（均值，95%可信区间），（148°，144 - 152° 对 140°，135° - 145°）。特别是，内旋（61°，58 - 65° 对 56°，51 - 61°）以及在45度（12°，11 - 14° 对 8°，6 - 10°）、90度（34°，31 - 36° 对 28°，24 - 32°）、135度（56°，53 - 59° 对 49°，46 - 53°）和最大（68°，65 - 70° 对 62°，59 - 65°）手臂外展时肩胛骨的更多上旋存在差异。单侧射箭运动员的持弓侧和拉弓侧在肩部主动活动度上存在差异（22 cm，20 - 24 cm 对 18 cm，16 - 20 cm），而双侧射箭运动员则无此差异。
单侧训练的射箭运动员颈椎未表现出非生理性运动行为，但与双侧训练的射箭运动员相比，在盂肱关节旋转、手臂外展时肩胛骨旋转以及肩部主动活动度方面，持弓侧和拉弓侧存在明显的肩部不对称。这些不对称可能超过了生理上提高运动表现的程度。在射箭运动中，双侧训练可能有助于预防不对称。
