Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) combined with rapid on-site cytological evaluation (ROSCE) for the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia.

We evaluated the application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) combined with rapid on-site cytological evaluation (ROSCE) in the diagnosis of pneumonia, to provide a basis for an accurate diagnosis. Clinical data from three patients with pneumonia diagnosed by the combination of mNGS and ROSCE from June 2019 to June 2020 in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were reviewed. Three patients with community-acquired pneumonia failed to respond to the initial treatment, and were finally diagnosed by bronchoscopic lung biopsy and alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) mNGS. According to the ROSCE cytologic characteristics, the scope of the lesions was narrowed to inflammatory lesions excluding tumor and other non-infectious lesions. Subsequently, mNGS results confirmed that the three patients were infected by C. psittaci, sequence numbers 2066, 126, and 1077, respectively. Two patients developed severe pneumonia and required organ function support. The other patient had recurrent high fever and severe headache, which significantly complicated clinical diagnosis and treatment. Eventually, the treatment plan was adjusted according to the mNGS results, resulting in gradual improvement of symptoms and satisfactory prognosis. mNGS combined with ROSCE is effective for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia, having significant advantages in comparison with other detection methods, particularly in the cases of rare pathogens, mixed pathogen infections, and immunodeficient patients.