Int J Psychoanal. 2020 Dec;101(6):1188-1202. doi: 10.1080/00207578.2020.1809154.
Through reexamination of Freud's thinking on the "compulsion to repeat", including detailed study of his (1920), this paper brings to the fore a central tension in Freud's thinking on the roles narcissism and love in his foundational view of the person. While Freud conceptualizes the person as self-serving, aiming primarily to maximize personal satisfaction in accordance with the "pleasure principle," he develops an alternative view of the person as primarily loving, desiring to truly encounter the other and reality, even if painful, and guilty when he fails to do so (largely because of conflicting narcissistic/destructive aims). This basic loving desire is associated with Eros and the life instincts, which, counter to what is commonly thought, is what Freud ultimately posits as lying beyond the pleasure principle. From this perspective, narcissistic pleasures become associated with death. The paper goes on to show how while Freud struggled to conceptually ground the view of the person as contending with his desire to love and inevitable inner obstacles to it, Kleinian psychoanalysis takes this view as basic and develops it further. One significant development finds expression in ideas on how the desire to love is not only non-narcissistic, but, rather, is self-sacrificing. Clinical implications are noted.
通过重新审视弗洛伊德关于“重复冲动”的思考，包括对他的著作《超越快乐原则》（1920 年）的详细研究，本文揭示了弗洛伊德关于自恋和爱的作用在其人格基础观点中的核心紧张关系。虽然弗洛伊德将人视为以自我为中心的个体，主要目标是根据“快乐原则”最大化个人满足，但他发展了另一种观点，即人主要是爱的，渴望真正地与他人和现实相遇，即使这会带来痛苦和内疚，如果他未能做到这一点（主要是因为冲突的自恋/破坏目标）。这种基本的爱的欲望与爱洛斯和生命本能联系在一起，与普遍认为的相反，弗洛伊德最终认为这超越了快乐原则。从这个角度来看，自恋的快乐与死亡联系在一起。本文接着展示了弗洛伊德是如何努力从概念上理解人格是如何与他对爱的渴望以及内在不可避免的障碍作斗争的，克莱因精神分析则将这种观点视为基本观点，并进一步发展了它。一个重要的发展体现在关于爱的欲望不仅是非自恋的，而且是自我牺牲的观点上。本文还注意到了临床意义。
