Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 141 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
School of Psychological Science (M304), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009, Australia.
Neuropsychol Rev. 2022 Jun;32(2):316-351. doi: 10.1007/s11065-021-09493-5. Epub 2021 May 5.
Although autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are commonly characterized by diminished episodic memory, the literature in this area is mixed. We address these inconsistent findings by employing multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis to quantify episodic memory differences between individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. We used meta-regression to evaluate the effects of test modality (e.g., word list, story recall), delay interval (immediate vs. delayed), retrieval demands (recognition vs. recall), and sensory modality (auditory vs. visual) on episodic memory in ASD. A total of 338 effect sizes from 113 empirical articles, including 5,632 unique participants (ASD = 2,777, TD = 2,855), were included. Results show that the memory deficits associated with ASD were larger for recall (g = -0.52, se = 0.04, 95% CrI [-0.60, -0.43]) compared to recognition (g = -0.25, se = 0.05, 95% CrI [-0.35, -0.14]) and differed based on the testing modality. For example, effect sizes were smallest for words (g = -0.28, se = 0.05, 95% CrI [-0.38, -0.18]), pictures (g = -0.38, se = 0.07, 95% CrI [-0.52, -0.24]), and figure reproduction (g = -0.49, se = 0.11, 95% CrI [-0.70, -0.27]). However, effect sizes for sentences (g = -0.59, se = 0.20, 95% CrI [-1.00, -0.21]), stories (Hedges' g = -0.54, se = 0.08, 95% CrI [-0.69, -0.38]) and staged events (g = -0.75, se = 0.10, 95% CrI [-0.95, -0.55]) were much larger. These findings suggest that ASD is associated with a small to medium reduction in scores on episodic memory tests relative to TD controls.
尽管自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）通常表现为情节记忆减退，但该领域的文献存在差异。我们通过使用多级贝叶斯荟萃分析来量化 ASD 患者和典型发育（TD）对照组之间的情节记忆差异，从而解决这些不一致的发现。我们使用元回归来评估测试模式（例如，单词列表、故事回忆）、延迟间隔（即时与延迟）、检索要求（识别与回忆）和感觉模式（听觉与视觉）对 ASD 中情节记忆的影响。共有 113 篇实证文章的 338 个效应量，包括 5632 名独特参与者（ASD=2777，TD=2855）被纳入分析。结果表明，与 ASD 相关的记忆缺陷在回忆（g=-0.52，se=0.04，95%CrI[-0.60，-0.43]）方面大于识别（g=-0.25，se=0.05，95%CrI[-0.35，-0.14]），并且因测试模式而异。例如，单词的效应量最小（g=-0.28，se=0.05，95%CrI[-0.38，-0.18]），图片（g=-0.38，se=0.07，95%CrI[-0.52，-0.24]）和图形再现（g=-0.49，se=0.11，95%CrI[-0.70，-0.27]）。然而，句子（g=-0.59，se=0.20，95%CrI[-1.00，-0.21]）、故事（Hedges'g=-0.54，se=0.08，95%CrI[-0.69，-0.38]）和舞台事件（g=-0.75，se=0.10，95%CrI[-0.95，-0.55]）的效应量要大得多。这些发现表明，与 TD 对照组相比，ASD 患者在情节记忆测试中的得分相对较小到中等程度降低。
