UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, Bloomsbury WC1E 6DD, UK.
Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Acta Biomater. 2021 Jul 15;129:43-56. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.054. Epub 2021 May 21.
There have been numerous efforts to develop targeted therapies for treating cancer. The non-specificity of 'classical' cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs and drug resistance remain major challenges in cancer dormancy. Mitochondria-targeted therapy is an alternative strategy for the treatment of numerous cancer types and is heavily dependent on the ability of the anticancer drugs to reach the tumor mitochondria in a safe and selective manner. Over the past two decades, research efforts have provided mechanistic insights into the roles of mitochondria in cancer progression and therapies that specifically target cancer mitochondria. Given that several nanotechnology-driven strategies aimed at therapeutically targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are still in their infancy, this review considers the cross-disciplinary nature of this area and focuses on the design and development of mitochondria-targeted graphene (mitoGRAPH), its immense potential, and future use for selective targeting of cancer mitochondria. This review also provides novel insights into the strategies for preparing mitoGRAPH to destroy the cell powerhouse in a targeted fashion. Targeting mitochondria with graphene may represent an important therapeutic approach that transforms therapeutic interventions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mitochondria-targeted therapy represents a major advance for treating several medical conditions. At this time, no nanoparticles (NPs) or nanocarriers are clinically available, which are capable of spatial targeting and controlled delivery of drugs to mitochondria. NPs-based approaches have revolutionized the field of targeted therapy and have demonstrated efficacy for delivering drugs selectively to mitochondria. These NPs show limited results in pre-clinical animal models due to their adverse side effects and inadequate therapeutic outcomes. Over the past decade, graphene has emerged as a potential anticancer agent and has shown great potential in targeting tumor mitochondria in a safe and targeted fashion. This review considers recent advances in the use of mitochondria-targeted graphene (mitoGRAPH) in chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapies.
已经有许多努力致力于开发针对癌症的靶向治疗方法。“经典”细胞毒性化疗药物的非特异性和耐药性仍然是癌症休眠的主要挑战。线粒体靶向治疗是治疗多种癌症类型的替代策略,严重依赖于抗癌药物以安全和选择性的方式到达肿瘤线粒体的能力。在过去的二十年中,研究工作为线粒体在癌症进展和专门针对癌细胞线粒体的治疗中的作用提供了机制上的见解。鉴于几种旨在治疗性靶向线粒体功能障碍的纳米技术驱动策略仍处于起步阶段,本综述考虑了该领域的跨学科性质,并侧重于设计和开发靶向线粒体的石墨烯(mitoGRAPH)及其巨大的潜力,以及未来用于选择性靶向癌细胞线粒体的用途。这篇综述还为以靶向方式破坏细胞动力源的 mitoGRAPH 制备策略提供了新颖的见解。靶向线粒体的石墨烯可能代表了一种重要的治疗方法,可改变治疗干预措施。意义声明:线粒体靶向治疗代表了治疗几种医疗状况的重大进展。目前,没有临床可用的纳米颗粒(NPs)或纳米载体能够对药物进行空间靶向和控制递送到线粒体。基于 NPs 的方法彻底改变了靶向治疗领域,并已证明对选择性将药物递送到线粒体具有疗效。由于其副作用和治疗效果不理想,这些 NPs 在临床前动物模型中的效果有限。在过去的十年中,石墨烯已成为一种有潜力的抗癌药物,并已显示出以安全和靶向方式靶向肿瘤线粒体的巨大潜力。本综述考虑了在化疗、光动力疗法、光热疗法和联合疗法中使用靶向线粒体的石墨烯(mitoGRAPH)的最新进展。