Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia.
Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Ulica Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 15;24(16):12827. doi: 10.3390/ijms241612827.
Cancer is still a leading cause of deaths worldwide, especially due to those cases diagnosed at late stages with metastases that are still considered untreatable and are managed in such a way that a lengthy chronic state is achieved. Nanotechnology has been acknowledged as one possible solution to improve existing cancer treatments, but also as an innovative approach to developing new therapeutic solutions that will lower systemic toxicity and increase targeted action on tumors and metastatic tumor cells. In particular, the nanoparticles studied in the context of cancer treatment include organic and inorganic particles whose role may often be expanded into diagnostic applications. Some of the best studied nanoparticles include metallic gold and silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and graphene, with diverse mechanisms of action such as, for example, the increased induction of reactive oxygen species, increased cellular uptake and functionalization properties for improved targeted delivery. Recently, novel nanoparticles for improved cancer cell targeting also include nanobubbles, which have already demonstrated increased localization of anticancer molecules in tumor tissues. In this review, we will accordingly present and discuss state-of-the-art nanoparticles and nano-formulations for cancer treatment and limitations for their application in a clinical setting.
癌症仍然是全球主要的死亡原因，特别是由于那些在晚期诊断出转移的病例，这些病例仍然被认为是无法治疗的，并且以一种实现长期慢性状态的方式进行治疗。纳米技术已被认为是改善现有癌症治疗方法的一种可能解决方案，也是开发新的治疗方法的创新方法，这些方法将降低全身毒性并增加对肿瘤和转移性肿瘤细胞的靶向作用。特别是，在癌症治疗背景下研究的纳米颗粒包括有机和无机颗粒，其作用常常可以扩展到诊断应用中。一些研究最多的纳米颗粒包括金和银纳米颗粒、量子点、聚合物纳米颗粒、碳纳米管和石墨烯，它们具有多种作用机制，例如，增加活性氧的诱导、增加细胞摄取和功能化特性以实现更好的靶向递送。最近，用于改善癌细胞靶向的新型纳米颗粒还包括纳米气泡，它们已经证明了抗癌分子在肿瘤组织中的定位增加。在这篇综述中，我们将相应地介绍和讨论用于癌症治疗的最先进的纳米颗粒和纳米制剂，以及它们在临床环境中应用的局限性。
