Tabish Tanveer A, Zhu Yangzhi, Shukla Shubhangi, Kadian Sachin, Sangha Gurneet S, Lygate Craig A, Narayan Roger J
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, USA.
Appl Phys Rev. 2023 Nov 30;10:041310. doi: 10.1063/5.0162640.
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling plays many pivotal roles impacting almost every organ function in mammalian physiology, most notably in cardiovascular homeostasis, inflammation, and neurological regulation. Consequently, the ability to make real-time and continuous measurements of NO is a prerequisite research tool to understand fundamental biology in health and disease. Despite considerable success in the electrochemical sensing of NO, challenges remain to optimize rapid and highly sensitive detection, without interference from other species, in both cultured cells and . Achieving these goals depends on the choice of electrode material and the electrode surface modification, with graphene nanostructures recently reported to enhance the electrocatalytic detection of NO. Due to its single-atom thickness, high specific surface area, and highest electron mobility, graphene holds promise for electrochemical sensing of NO with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity even at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The non-covalent functionalization of graphene through supermolecular interactions, including π-π stacking and electrostatic interaction, facilitates the successful immobilization of other high electrolytic materials and heme biomolecules on graphene while maintaining the structural integrity and morphology of graphene sheets. Such nanocomposites have been optimized for the highly sensitive and specific detection of NO under physiologically relevant conditions. In this review, we examine the building blocks of these graphene-based electrochemical sensors, including the conjugation of different electrolytic materials and biomolecules on graphene, and sensing mechanisms, by reflecting on the recent developments in materials and engineering for real-time detection of NO in biological systems.
一氧化氮（NO）信号传导在哺乳动物生理学中发挥着许多关键作用，几乎影响着每个器官的功能，在心血管稳态、炎症和神经调节方面尤为显著。因此，能够实时、连续地测量NO是理解健康和疾病基础生物学的必备研究工具。尽管在NO的电化学传感方面取得了相当大的成功，但在优化快速、高灵敏度检测方面仍存在挑战，即在培养细胞和[此处原文缺失部分内容]中不受其他物质的干扰。实现这些目标取决于电极材料的选择和电极表面修饰，最近有报道称石墨烯纳米结构可增强对NO的电催化检测。由于其单原子厚度、高比表面积和最高的电子迁移率，即使在亚纳摩尔浓度下，石墨烯也有望以前所未有的灵敏度和特异性对NO进行电化学传感。通过超分子相互作用（包括π-π堆积和静电相互作用）对石墨烯进行非共价功能化，有助于将其他高电解质材料和血红素生物分子成功固定在石墨烯上，同时保持石墨烯片的结构完整性和形态。这种纳米复合材料已针对在生理相关条件下对NO的高灵敏度和特异性检测进行了优化。在这篇综述中，我们通过回顾材料和工程学在生物系统中实时检测NO的最新进展，研究了这些基于石墨烯的电化学传感器的组成部分，包括不同电解质材料和生物分子在石墨烯上的共轭以及传感机制。
