Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
Macromol Biosci. 2021 Aug;21(8):e2100031. doi: 10.1002/mabi.202100031. Epub 2021 May 10.
Macrophage polarization is a key factor in determining the success of implanted tissue engineering scaffolds. Polysaccharides (derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms) are known to modulate macrophage phenotypes by recognizing cell membrane receptors. Numerous studies have developed polysaccharide-based materials into functional biomaterial substrates for tissue regeneration and pharmaceutical application due to their immunostimulatory activities and anti-inflammatory response. They are used as hydrogel substrates, surface coatings, and drug delivery carriers. In addition to their innate immunological functions, the newly endowed physical and chemical properties, including substrate modulus, pore size/porosity, surface binding chemistry, and the mole ratio of polysaccharides in hybrid materials may regulate macrophage phenotypes more precisely. Growing evidence indicates that the sulfation pattern of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans expressed on polarized macrophages leads to the changes in protein binding, which may alter macrophage phenotype and influence the immune response. A comprehensive understanding of how different types of polysaccharide-based materials alter macrophage phenotypic changes can be beneficial to predict transplantation/implantation outcomes. This review focuses on recent advances in promoting wound healing and balancing macrophage phenotypes using polysaccharide-based substrates/coatings and new directions to address the limitations in the current understanding of macrophage responses to polysaccharides.
巨噬细胞极化是决定植入组织工程支架成功的关键因素。众所周知，多糖（来源于植物、动物和微生物）通过识别细胞膜受体来调节巨噬细胞表型。由于其免疫刺激活性和抗炎反应，许多研究已经将多糖基材料开发为用于组织再生和药物应用的功能性生物材料基质。它们被用作水凝胶基质、表面涂层和药物输送载体。除了其先天的免疫功能外，新赋予的物理和化学性质，包括基质模量、孔径/孔隙率、表面结合化学和杂化材料中多糖的摩尔比，可以更精确地调节巨噬细胞表型。越来越多的证据表明，极化巨噬细胞上表达的糖胺聚糖和蛋白聚糖的硫酸化模式导致蛋白结合的改变，这可能改变巨噬细胞表型并影响免疫反应。全面了解不同类型的多糖基材料如何改变巨噬细胞表型变化，有助于预测移植/植入的结果。本综述重点介绍了利用多糖基基质/涂层促进伤口愈合和平衡巨噬细胞表型的最新进展，以及解决当前对多糖诱导巨噬细胞反应理解局限性的新方向。
