University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021 Jun;45(6):1249-1264. doi: 10.1111/acer.14604. Epub 2021 May 15.
Dual systems theories suggest that greater imbalance between higher reward sensitivity and lower cognitive control across adolescence conveys risk for behaviors such as heavy episodic drinking (HED). Prior research demonstrated that psychological analogues of these systems, sensation seeking and premeditation, change from childhood through emerging adulthood, and each has been independently linked with HED. However, few studies have assessed whether change over time in these developing analogues is prospectively associated with HED. Moreover, we know of no research that has shown whether within-person differences between higher sensation seeking and relatively lower premeditation across the adolescent period predict HED in emerging adulthood.
Prospective data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence study (n = 715) were used to examine the association of sensation seeking and premeditation with HED among adolescents ages 16 to 20 years. We used novel applications of latent difference score modeling and growth curve analysis to test whether increasing sensation seeking, premeditation, and their imbalance over time are associated with HED across the study period, and whether these associations differed by sex.
Whereas premeditation increased linearly from adolescence through emerging adulthood across sexes, males reported growth and females reported decline in sensation seeking. Sensation seeking in adolescence (and not premeditation) was associated with higher levels of HED by emerging adulthood. Importantly, greater imbalance between sensation seeking and premeditation was associated with higher levels of HED by emerging adulthood though we note that variability capturing this imbalance correlated highly (r = 0.86) with baseline levels of sensation seeking.
Developmental imbalance between higher sensation seeking and lower premeditation in late adolescence may be a risk factor for greater HED in emerging adulthood.
双系统理论表明，青少年时期更高的奖励敏感性与更低的认知控制之间的不平衡越大，就越有可能表现出诸如重度间歇性饮酒（HED）等行为。先前的研究表明，这些系统的心理类似物，即感觉寻求和预谋，从儿童期到成年早期都会发生变化，并且它们各自都与 HED 独立相关。但是，很少有研究评估这些发展中的类似物随时间的变化是否与 HED 具有前瞻性关联。此外，我们不知道有研究表明，青少年时期个体在高感觉寻求和相对较低的预谋之间的个体差异是否可以预测成年早期的 HED。
使用国家青少年酒精与神经发育联合研究计划（National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence study，N-CANDA）的前瞻性数据，来检验青少年时期的感觉寻求和预谋与 HED 之间的关联。我们使用潜在差异得分建模和增长曲线分析的新应用，来测试随着时间的推移，感觉寻求、预谋及其不平衡的增加是否与整个研究期间的 HED 相关，以及这些关联是否因性别而异。
尽管预谋在整个青少年时期和成年早期在两性中都呈线性增长，但男性报告的感觉寻求呈增长趋势，而女性报告的感觉寻求呈下降趋势。青少年时期的感觉寻求（而不是预谋）与成年早期的 HED 水平较高有关。重要的是，青少年时期感觉寻求和预谋之间的不平衡程度与成年早期的 HED 水平较高有关，但我们注意到，捕捉这种不平衡的变异性与基线水平的感觉寻求高度相关（r=0.86）。
青少年晚期更高的感觉寻求与更低的预谋之间的发展不平衡可能是成年早期 HED 更高的风险因素。
