Karoly Hollis C, Milburn Michael A, Brooks-Russell Ashley, Brown Mary, Streufert Jessica, Bryan Angela D, Lovrich Nicholas P, DeJong William, Cinnamon Bidwell L
Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Impairment Science, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022 Feb;7(1):107-115. doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0048. Epub 2020 Sep 10.
Recently increased access to cannabis products in the United States has been associated with increased rates of driving after cannabis use. Although numerous studies indicate that cannabis impairs psychomotor and neurocognitive functions that can affect driving ability, the determination of cannabis-impaired driving risk is complicated by the extent to which frequent cannabis users develop tolerance to THC's subjective, cognitive, and psychomotor effects, and by the fact that there is no validated behavioral or biological marker of recent cannabis use or cannabis-related impairment. This study examined the psychomotor impairment-related effects experienced by frequent cannabis users in Colorado after naturalistic consumption of smoked cannabis, both immediately and 1 h postuse. Results were then validated in a smaller replication sample from Washington state. In the primary Colorado study, participants (=70) used the DRUID mobile app, a brief measure of psychomotor and cognitive domains that are sensitive to the effects of cannabis. First, participants used DRUID to establish a sober baseline impairment score. During a second appointment, they used DRUID at three time points: preuse, immediately after acutely using cannabis, and 1 h postuse. In the Washington replication sample, participants (=39) used DRUID before acute cannabis consumption and then every half hour for 2.5 h. In both studies, peak DRUID impairment effects were seen immediately after cannabis use, with recovery of performance at 1 h postuse. Specifically, significant quadratic effects of time emerged for both studies (Colorado study: (=-0.935, =0.204, <0.001); Washington study: =3.0299, =1.3085, <0.01). Domain-specific effects were tested in the larger Colorado study and were observed for reaction time within a complex divided attention task and a postural-stability balance task. These findings demonstrate that psychomotor impairment emerges immediately after acute cannabis use even in regular users, but decreases significantly 1 h postuse. These results underscore the potential utility of the DRUID app for assessing acute cannabis-related psychomotor impairment. Further research is needed to explore whether the DRUID app and/or the specific psychomotor functions it assesses might serve as a tool for measuring cannabis-related driving impairment. Clinical trials registration number for the Colorado Study: NCT03522103.
最近,美国大麻产品的可及性增加,这与大麻使用后驾车发生率的上升有关。尽管大量研究表明,大麻会损害可能影响驾驶能力的精神运动和神经认知功能,但大麻影响驾驶风险的判定却很复杂,这是因为频繁使用大麻的人对四氢大麻酚(THC)的主观、认知和精神运动效应产生耐受的程度不同,还因为目前尚无用于判定近期是否使用过大麻或存在与大麻相关损害的经过验证的行为或生物学标志物。本研究调查了科罗拉多州频繁使用大麻的人在自然状态下吸食大麻后,立即及吸食后1小时所经历的与精神运动损害相关的效应。随后,在华盛顿州的一个较小的重复样本中对结果进行了验证。在科罗拉多州的主要研究中,70名参与者使用了DRUID移动应用程序,这是一种对大麻效应敏感的精神运动和认知领域的简短测量工具。首先,参与者使用DRUID来确定清醒状态下的基线损害分数。在第二次预约时,他们在三个时间点使用DRUID:使用大麻前、急性使用大麻后立即以及使用大麻后1小时。在华盛顿州的重复样本中,39名参与者在急性吸食大麻前使用DRUID,然后每半小时使用一次,共2.5小时。在两项研究中,大麻使用后立即出现了DRUID损害效应的峰值,吸食后1小时表现恢复。具体而言,两项研究均出现了显著的时间二次效应(科罗拉多州研究:F = -0.935,R² = 0.204,p < 0.001;华盛顿州研究:F = 3.0299,R² = 1.3085,p < 0.01)。在规模较大的科罗拉多州研究中测试了特定领域的效应,在复杂的注意力分散任务中的反应时间以及姿势稳定性平衡任务中观察到了这种效应。这些发现表明,即使是经常使用大麻的人,急性使用大麻后也会立即出现精神运动损害,但在吸食后1小时会显著降低。这些结果强调了DRUID应用程序在评估急性大麻相关精神运动损害方面的潜在效用。需要进一步研究以探索DRUID应用程序和/或其评估的特定精神运动功能是否可作为测量大麻相关驾驶损害的工具。科罗拉多州研究的临床试验注册号:NCT03522103。