Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK.
Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK.
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2021 Sep;183:107466. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107466. Epub 2021 May 26.
Novel and unexpected stimuli are often prioritised in memory, given their inherent salience. Nevertheless, not all forms of novelty show such an enhancement effect. Here, we discuss the role expectation plays in modulating the way novelty affects memory processes, circuits, and subsequent performance. We first review independent effects of expectation on memory, and then consider how different types of novelty are characterised by expectation. We argue that different types of novelty defined by expectation implicate differential neurotransmission in memory formation brain regions and may also result in the creation of different types of memory. Contextual novelty, which is unexpected by definition, is often associated with better recollection, supported by dopaminergic-hippocampal interactions. On the other hand, expected stimulus novelty is supported by engagement of medial temporal cortices, as well as the hippocampus, through cholinergic modulation. Furthermore, when expected stimulus novelty results in enhanced memory, it is predominantly driven by familiarity. The literature reviewed here highlights the complexity of novelty-sensitive memory systems, the distinction between types of novelty, and how they are differentially affected by expectancy.
新颖和意外的刺激通常优先在记忆中得到处理，因为它们具有内在的显著性。然而，并非所有形式的新颖性都表现出这种增强效应。在这里，我们讨论了期望在调节新颖性影响记忆过程、回路和随后表现的方式方面所起的作用。我们首先回顾了期望对记忆的独立影响，然后考虑了不同类型的新颖性是如何由期望来定义的。我们认为，由期望定义的不同类型的新颖性暗示了记忆形成脑区中不同的神经递质传递，也可能导致不同类型的记忆的产生。根据定义，出乎意料的上下文新颖性通常与更好的回忆相关联，这得到多巴胺能-海马相互作用的支持。另一方面，预期刺激新颖性通过乙酰胆碱能调制来支持内侧颞叶皮层以及海马体的参与。此外，当预期的刺激新颖性导致记忆增强时，主要是由熟悉度驱动的。这里回顾的文献强调了新颖性敏感记忆系统的复杂性、新颖性类型的区别以及它们如何受到期望的差异影响。
