Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
Viruses. 2021 May 21;13(6):952. doi: 10.3390/v13060952.
Viral RNAs contain the information needed to synthesize their own proteins, to replicate, and to spread to susceptible cells. However, due to their reduced coding capacity RNA viruses rely on host cells to complete their multiplication cycle. This is largely achieved by the concerted action of regulatory structural elements on viral RNAs and a subset of host proteins, whose dedicated function across all stages of the infection steps is critical to complete the viral cycle. Importantly, not only the RNA sequence but also the RNA architecture imposed by the presence of specific structural domains mediates the interaction with host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), ultimately affecting virus multiplication and spreading. In marked difference with other biological systems, the genome of positive strand RNA viruses is also the mRNA. Here we focus on distinct types of positive strand RNA viruses that differ in the regulatory elements used to promote translation of the viral RNA, as well as in the mechanisms used to evade the series of events connected to antiviral response, including translation shutoff induced in infected cells, assembly of stress granules, and trafficking stress.
病毒 RNA 包含合成自身蛋白、复制和传播到易感细胞所需的信息。然而，由于其编码能力降低，RNA 病毒依赖宿主细胞来完成其增殖周期。这主要是通过病毒 RNA 上的调节结构元件和一组宿主蛋白的协同作用来实现的，这些蛋白在感染的所有阶段都具有特定的功能，对完成病毒周期至关重要。重要的是，不仅 RNA 序列，而且特定结构域存在所决定的 RNA 结构，介导与宿主 RNA 结合蛋白（RBPs）的相互作用，最终影响病毒的增殖和传播。与其他生物系统明显不同的是，正链 RNA 病毒的基因组也是 mRNA。在这里，我们重点关注不同类型的正链 RNA 病毒，它们在用于促进病毒 RNA 翻译的调节元件以及用于逃避与抗病毒反应相关的一系列事件的机制方面存在差异，包括感染细胞中诱导的翻译关闭、应激颗粒的组装和应激运输。
