Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of Egg Parasitoids of in Kiwifruit Orchards in China.

To develop effective and targeted biocontrol tactics for the brown marmorated stink bug, in crop habitats, a good understanding is essential of the abundance and diversity of its parasitoids in different crop habitats in its native range. To obtain information on the egg parasitoid communities of in kiwifruit, surveys using sentinel egg masses were conducted in 2018 and 2019. These assessed the species composition of egg parasitoids of in green-fleshed 'Hayward' kiwifruit orchards, and quantified their season-long abundances in orchards under two different management systems. Parasitism was observed from June to August 2018 (mean parasitism: 48%) and from May to August 2019 (mean parasitism: 29%) across the experimental orchards. In total, five different parasitoid species were found across the two surveys seasons in the kiwifruit orchards, , , , , and sp., where and were the predominant species. Monthly abundance data had a unimodal distribution in 2018, peaking in July. There were two peaks (May-June and August) in the 2019 season. Overall, was significantly more abundant in the organic orchard than the conventionally managed orchard only in 2018, and its monthly abundance differed significantly in the two orchards in the two survey seasons. Results and their implications for future classical biological control for in kiwifruit are discussed.