Department of Psychology, CITY College, The University of Sheffield International Faculty, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Department of Psychology, CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, Proxenou Koromila 24, 54622, Thessaloniki, Greece.
J Gambl Stud. 2022 Jun;38(2):635-652. doi: 10.1007/s10899-021-10041-2. Epub 2021 Jun 3.
Research on the role of affect in problem gambling remains scarce to date, although it has been proposed that trait-levels of negative self-conscious emotions (SCEs) could be potential risk factors. We report two studies investigating the relationship between negative SCEs, gambling, and risky behavior. In the first study, we investigated shame, guilt and self-disgust in a group of problem-gamblers and control non-gamblers. In the second study, we investigated if experimentally manipulating state levels of guilt, using a narration-induction paradigm, in students with different levels of gambling behavior, would influence their behavior in the Balloon Analog Risk Task. We found that problem gamblers had significantly lower trait-levels of guilt when we adjusted for the influence of depression and anxiety symptoms (p = .008). Problem gamblers also exhibited lower levels of shame, but this difference seemed to be driven by guilt. Lower levels of guilt were significantly associated with higher levels of trait impulsivity (p = .004). In the second study, gamblers had higher state levels of guilt than non-gamblers at the outset, and the narration paradigm successfully induced guilt (p = .001). After the guilt induction, the group of gamblers had significantly less risky behaviour (lower number of pumps) than the group of non-gamblers (p = .021). However, this was primarily driven by an increase in risky behaviour in the non-gamblers (p = .006). Thus, overall our findings suggest that higher trait levels of guilt may act as a protective factor for gambling, whereas high state levels of guilt lead to riskier behaviour but only in people who are not gamblers.
目前，关于情感在赌博问题中的作用的研究仍然很少，尽管有人提出，消极的自我意识情绪（SCEs）的特质水平可能是潜在的风险因素。我们报告了两项研究，调查了消极的 SCEs、赌博和冒险行为之间的关系。在第一项研究中，我们调查了一组赌博问题者和非赌博控制者的羞耻感、内疚感和自我厌恶感。在第二项研究中，我们调查了如果在具有不同赌博行为水平的学生中使用叙述诱导范式来操纵内疚感的状态水平，是否会影响他们在气球模拟风险任务中的行为。我们发现，在调整抑郁和焦虑症状的影响后，问题赌徒的特质内疚水平显著降低（p=0.008）。问题赌徒也表现出较低的羞耻感，但这种差异似乎是由内疚感驱动的。较低的内疚感水平与较高的特质冲动性显著相关（p=0.004）。在第二项研究中，赌徒的状态内疚水平一开始高于非赌徒，叙述范式成功地诱导了内疚感（p=0.001）。内疚感诱导后，赌徒组的风险行为明显少于非赌徒组（p=0.021）。然而，这主要是由于非赌徒的风险行为增加（p=0.006）。因此，我们的研究结果总体表明，较高的特质内疚水平可能是赌博的保护因素，而较高的状态内疚水平会导致风险行为，但仅在非赌徒中如此。
