Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 gene insertion/deletion polymorphism may be associated with COVID-19 clinical severity: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism may play a role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19).

OBJECTIVES

Investigate the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and the clinical severity of COVID-19.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary care hospital.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included COVID-19 patients with asymptomatic, mild, and severe disease with clinical data and whole blood samples collected from 1 April 2020 to 1 July 2020. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

ACE DD, DI and II genotypes frequencies.

SAMPLE SIZE

90 cases, 30 in each disease severity group.

RESULTS

Age and the frequency of general comorbidity increased significantly from the asymptomatic disease group to the severe disease group. Advanced age, diabetes mellitus and presence of ischemic heart disease were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 [OR and 95 % CI: 1.052 (1.021-1.083), 5.204 (1.006-26.892) and 5.922 (1.109-31.633), respectively]. The ACE II genotype was the dominant genotype (50%) in asymptomatic patients, while the DD genotype was the dominant genotype (63.3 %) in severe disease. The ACE II geno-type was protective against severe COVID-19 [OR and 95% CI: .323 (.112-.929)]. All nine patients (8.9%) who died had severe disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical severity of COVID-19 infection may be associated with the ACE I/D polymorphism.

LIMITATIONS

Small sample size and single center.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.