MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Aug 20;783:147021. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147021. Epub 2021 Apr 19.
We screened for the presence of 66 different pharmaceutical residues in surface waters and in multiple invertebrate and fish species of the Tejo estuary to produce an environmental risk assessment of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures, as well as evaluate the bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in one of Europe's largest estuarine systems. Sixteen pharmaceutical residues, from seven therapeutic classes, were detected in estuarine waters, with environmental mixture concentrations ranging from 42 to 1762 ng/L. Environmental risk assessment via the determination of risk quotients, demonstrated high ecological risk for the antibiotic amoxicillin and angiotensin II receptor blockers irbesartan and losartan. Moderate risk was estimated for antidepressants, antiepileptics, anxiolytics and beta-blockers, but the risk quotient of the accumulated mixture of compounds was over 380-fold higher than the no risk threshold, driven by antibiotics and angiotensin II receptor blockers. In biota, higher risk therapeutic groups were found in higher concentrations, with nine pharmaceutical residues detected, including six antibiotics and two neuroactive compounds, and maximum tissue concentrations up to 250 μg/kg. Bioaccumulation was species- and compound-specific, with only two compounds found simultaneously in water and biota, likely a result of the complex dynamics and fate of pharmaceuticals in estuarine waters. Nonetheless, higher detection frequencies were observed in species living directly on or just above the substrate (i.e. benthic and demersal species), underpinning the importance of habitat use, as well the potential role of sediment and diet based routes for pharmaceutical uptake. Ultimately, results support urgent action on managing the impact of pharmaceuticals in coastal environments, striving for improved monitoring schemes tailored to the dynamic nature and ecological diversity of estuaries and coastal ecosystems.
我们在地表水和特茹河口的多种无脊椎动物和鱼类物种中筛选了 66 种不同的药物残留，以对单个药物及其混合物进行环境风险评估，并评估了欧洲最大的河口系统之一中药物的生物累积情况。在河口水中检测到来自 7 种治疗类别的 16 种药物残留，环境混合物浓度范围为 42 至 1762 ng/L。通过确定风险商数进行环境风险评估，表明抗生素阿莫西林和血管紧张素 II 受体阻滞剂厄贝沙坦和氯沙坦具有高生态风险。抗抑郁药、抗癫痫药、抗焦虑药和β受体阻滞剂估计存在中度风险，但由于抗生素和血管紧张素 II 受体阻滞剂，累积化合物混合物的风险商数比无风险阈值高出 380 多倍。在生物群中，发现高风险治疗组的浓度较高，检测到 9 种药物残留，包括 6 种抗生素和 2 种神经活性化合物，组织中最大浓度高达 250 μg/kg。生物累积具有物种和化合物特异性，只有两种化合物同时在水中和生物群中被发现，这可能是由于河口水中药物的复杂动态和命运所致。尽管如此，在直接生活在基质上或基质上方的物种（即底栖和底层物种）中观察到更高的检测频率，这支持了栖息地利用的重要性，以及基于沉积物和饮食的药物摄取途径的潜在作用。最终，结果支持在沿海环境中采取紧急行动来管理药物的影响，努力制定针对河口和沿海生态系统动态性质和生态多样性的改进监测计划。
