Mody Prapti H, Pathak Sushila, Hanson Laura K, Spencer Juliet V
Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA.
Virology (Auckl). 2020 May 29;11:1178122X20913274. doi: 10.1177/1178122X20913274. eCollection 2020.
Herpesviruses are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom, and they have coexisted and coevolved along with their host species for millions of years. Herpesviruses carry a large (120-230 kb) double-stranded DNA genome surrounded by a protein capsid, a tegument layer consisting of viral and host proteins, and a lipid bilayer envelope with surface glycoproteins. A key characteristic of these viruses is their ability to enter a latent state following primary infection, allowing them to evade the host's immune system and persist permanently. Herpesviruses can reactivate from their dormant state, usually during times of stress or when the host's immune responses are impaired. While herpesviruses can cause complications with severe disease in immune-compromised people, most of the population experiences few ill effects from herpesvirus infections. Indeed, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in particular has several features that make it an attractive tool for therapeutic gene delivery. Herpes simplex virus 1 targets and infects specific cell types, such as epithelial cells and neurons. The HSV-1 genome can also accommodate large insertions of up to 14 kb. The HSV-1-based vectors have already achieved success for the oncolytic treatment of melanoma. In addition to serving as a vehicle for therapeutic gene delivery and targeted cell lysis, comparative genomics of herpesviruses HSV-1 and 2 has revealed valuable information about the evolutionary history of both viruses and their hosts. This review focuses on the adaptability of HSV-1 as an instrument for gene delivery and an evolutionary marker. Overall, HSV-1 shows great promise as a tool for treating human disease and studying human migration patterns, disease outbreaks, and evolution.
疱疹病毒在整个动物界都很普遍，它们已经与宿主物种共存并共同进化了数百万年。疱疹病毒携带一个大的（120 - 230 kb）双链DNA基因组，周围有一个蛋白质衣壳、一个由病毒蛋白和宿主蛋白组成的被膜层，以及一个带有表面糖蛋白的脂质双分子层包膜。这些病毒的一个关键特征是它们在初次感染后能够进入潜伏状态，从而使它们能够逃避宿主的免疫系统并永久持续存在。疱疹病毒通常在压力时期或宿主免疫反应受损时从休眠状态重新激活。虽然疱疹病毒会在免疫功能低下的人群中引发严重疾病的并发症，但大多数人感染疱疹病毒后几乎没有不良影响。事实上，单纯疱疹病毒1（HSV - 1）尤其具有几个使其成为治疗性基因递送有吸引力工具的特性。单纯疱疹病毒1靶向并感染特定的细胞类型，如上皮细胞和神经元。HSV - 1基因组还可以容纳高达14 kb的大片段插入。基于HSV - 1的载体已经在黑色素瘤的溶瘤治疗中取得了成功。除了作为治疗性基因递送和靶向细胞裂解的载体外，疱疹病毒HSV - 1和2的比较基因组学还揭示了有关这两种病毒及其宿主进化历史的有价值信息。本综述重点关注HSV - 1作为基因递送工具和进化标记的适应性。总体而言，HSV - 1作为治疗人类疾病以及研究人类迁移模式、疾病爆发和进化的工具显示出巨大的潜力。
