Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain; Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain.
Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain; Physical Activity for Health Promotion, CTS-1018 research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021 Jul 22;31(8):2311-2318. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.04.019. Epub 2021 May 4.
Studies regarding dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk markers during pregnancy are scarce. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether different degrees of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the MD components were associated with cardiometabolic markers and a clustered cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy.
This study comprised 119 pregnant women from the GEStation and FITness (GESTAFIT) project. Dietary habits were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at the 16th and 34th gestational weeks (g.w.). The Mediterranean Diet Score was employed to assess MD adherence. The following cardiometabolic markers were assessed: pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A greater MD adherence was associated with a better cardiometabolic status in cross-sectional (16th g.w. and 34th g.w.) and prospective analyses (MD adherence at the 16th g.w. and cardiometabolic markers at the 34th g.w.; SBP, DBP and HDL-C; all, p < 0.05). Participants with the highest MD adherence (Tertile 3) had a lower clustered cardiometabolic risk than those with the lowest MD adherence (Tertile 1) at the 16th and 34th g.w. (both, p < 0.05). A higher intake of fruits, vegetables and fish and a lower intake of refined cereals and red meat and subproducts were associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy (all, p < 0.05).
A higher MD adherence, a greater intake of fruits, vegetables and fish and a lower intake of refined cereals and red meat and subproducts showed a cardioprotective effect throughout gestation.
关于孕期饮食模式和心血管代谢风险标志物的研究较少。本研究旨在分析不同程度的地中海饮食（MD）和 MD 成分的依从性与孕期心血管代谢标志物和心血管代谢风险聚集的相关性。
本研究纳入了来自 GESTAFIT 项目的 119 名孕妇。在妊娠 16 周和 34 周时，使用食物频率问卷评估饮食习惯。采用地中海饮食评分评估 MD 依从性。评估了以下心血管代谢标志物：孕前体重指数（BMI）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、空腹血糖、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）。MD 依从性较高与横断面（妊娠 16 周和 34 周）和前瞻性分析（妊娠 16 周时的 MD 依从性和妊娠 34 周时的心血管代谢标志物；SBP、DBP 和 HDL-C；所有，p<0.05）的心血管代谢状态较好相关。在妊娠 16 周和 34 周时，MD 依从性最高的第三组（Tertile 3）的心血管代谢风险聚集低于 MD 依从性最低的第一组（Tertile 1）（均，p<0.05）。较高的水果、蔬菜和鱼类摄入量以及较低的精制谷物和红色肉类及副产品摄入量与孕期心血管代谢风险较低相关（均，p<0.05）。
较高的 MD 依从性、更多地摄入水果、蔬菜和鱼类以及较少地摄入精制谷物和红色肉类及副产品在整个孕期具有心脏保护作用。
