Beebe B, Alson D, Jaffe J, Feldstein S, Crown C
Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, N.Y. 10461.
J Psycholinguist Res. 1988 May;17(3):245-59. doi: 10.1007/BF01686358.
Turn-taking is the fundamental temporal structure of adult dialogue. This structure defines two types of joint silence: intrapersonal pause (silence bounded by the vocalizations of a single speaker) and switching pause (silence bounded by the vocalizations of different speakers). Switching pauses mark the boundaries of the turn exchange. In adult conversation the mean durations of both types of pause are characteristically matched between partners. This matching, termed "vocal congruence," occurs developmentally earlier in the case of switching pauses. We hypothesized and confirmed that mothers and infants match switching pauses but not intrapersonal pauses at 4 months, even though the infants' vocalizations are prelinguistic. Second, since there are known affective correlates of vocal congruence in adult conversation, we hypothesized a similar affective correlate for mother-infant vocal congruence. We found, for the intrapersonal pause only, that the degree of matching within a dyad correlates with infant affective engagement. We conclude, from switching pause congruence, that a turn-taking dialogic structure is being regulated in the mother-infant pair at 4 months in the same way as seen in adult conversation. Thus, both the temporal structure of adult dialogue and its affective correlate are prelinguistic.
轮流发言是成人对话的基本时间结构。这种结构定义了两种类型的共同沉默：人际内停顿（由单个说话者的发声界定的沉默）和转换停顿（由不同说话者的发声界定的沉默）。转换停顿标志着轮流发言交换的界限。在成人对话中，两种停顿的平均时长在对话伙伴之间通常是匹配的。这种匹配被称为“语音一致性”，在转换停顿的情况下，其在发展过程中出现得更早。我们假设并证实，母亲和婴儿在4个月大时会匹配转换停顿，但不会匹配人际内停顿，尽管婴儿的发声是前语言的。其次，由于在成人对话中已知语音一致性存在情感关联，我们假设母婴语音一致性也存在类似的情感关联。我们发现，仅在人际内停顿方面，二元组内的匹配程度与婴儿的情感投入相关。从转换停顿一致性来看，我们得出结论，母婴对在4个月大时就像在成人对话中一样，以相同的方式调节着轮流发言的对话结构。因此，成人对话的时间结构及其情感关联都是前语言的。
