Liu Kai, Xie Long, Deng Mao, Zhang Xumin, Luo Jia, Li Xiaofang
School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
Chin Med. 2021 Jun 19;16(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s13020-021-00457-8.
Musk, the dried secretion from the musk sac gland which is located between the navel and genitals of mature male musk deer, is utilized as oriental medicine in east Asia. It has been utilized to treat conditions such as stroke, coma, neurasthenia, convulsions, and heart diseases in China since ancient times. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of musk in zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, clinical applications, and quality control according to the up-to-date literature. Studies found that musk mainly contains macrocyclic ketones, pyridine, steroids, fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, whilst the main active ingredient is muscone. Modern pharmacological studies have proven that musk possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotective effects, anti-cancer effects, antioxidant effects, etc. Moreover, muscone, the main active ingredient, possesses anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects. In the quality control of musk, muscone is usually the main detection indicator, and the common analytical method is GC, and researchers have established novel and convenient methods such as HPLC-RI, RP-UPLC-ELSD, and Single-Sweep Polarography. In addition, quality evaluation methods based on steroids and the bioactivity of musk have been established. As for the identification of musk, due to various objective factors such as the availability of synthetic Muscone, it is not sufficient to rely on muscone alone as an identification index. To date, some novel technologies have also been introduced into the identification of musk, such as the electronic nose and DNA barcoding technology. In future research, more in vivo experiments and clinical studies are encouraged to fully explain the pharmacological effects and toxicity of musk, and more comprehensive methods are needed to evaluate and control the quality of musk.
麝香是位于成熟雄性麝鹿肚脐与生殖器之间的香囊腺的干燥分泌物，在东亚被用作传统中药。在中国，自古以来它就被用于治疗中风、昏迷、神经衰弱、惊厥和心脏病等病症。本文旨在根据最新文献，对麝香在动物学、化学成分、药理学、临床应用和质量控制等方面进行全面综述。研究发现，麝香主要含有大环酮类、吡啶、甾体类、脂肪酸、氨基酸、肽类和蛋白质，而主要活性成分是麝香酮。现代药理学研究证明麝香具有强大的抗炎、神经保护、抗癌、抗氧化等作用。此外，主要活性成分麝香酮具有抗炎、神经保护、抗氧化等药理作用。在麝香的质量控制中，麝香酮通常是主要检测指标，常用分析方法为气相色谱法，研究人员还建立了高效液相色谱 - 示差折光检测法、反相超高效液相色谱 - 蒸发光散射检测法和单扫描极谱法等新颖便捷的方法。此外，还建立了基于甾体类和麝香生物活性的质量评价方法。至于麝香的鉴别，由于合成麝香酮的可得性等各种客观因素，仅依靠麝香酮作为鉴别指标是不够的。迄今为止，一些新技术也已被引入麝香的鉴别中，如电子鼻和DNA条形码技术。在未来的研究中，鼓励进行更多的体内实验和临床研究，以充分阐明麝香的药理作用和毒性，并且需要更全面的方法来评估和控制麝香的质量。
