School of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2021 Sep;167:30-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.007. Epub 2021 Jun 19.
Effectiveness of various emotion regulation (ER) strategies have received much attention in recent research. Among the most studied ER strategies are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. However, the evidence of their effectiveness is controversial and depends on the measures used. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies of ER via different measures such as self-report, facial expressions (zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii electromyography), and physiological assessment (skin conductance response and heart rate deceleration). Participants were presented with intensely unpleasant or neutral pictures and performed ER tasks. We expected that the implementation of ER strategies would reduce negative emotions, and cognitive reappraisal would produce greater reduction in negative emotions compared to expressive suppression. Self-report data showed that reappraisal had a greater effect on the reduction of negative emotions compared to suppression. There was no difference between reappraisal and suppression assessed with skin conductance response and electromyography. Curiously, heart rate deceleration increased while participants tried to suppress their emotional expressions, which could reflect efforts exerted in the attempt to suppress. The ER strategies reduced negative emotions during the presentation of unpleasant pictures partially in skin conductance response and heart rate deceleration. Overall, reappraisal is more effective in changing subjective experience, whereas the physiological reactions do not differ substantially between the two ER strategies explored. We therefore recommend that the assessment of ER strategies in the laboratory should accommodate more than one type of measures to come to more reliable conclusions.
各种情绪调节（ER）策略的有效性在最近的研究中受到了广泛关注。在最受研究的 ER 策略中，认知重评和表达抑制最为突出。然而，它们的有效性证据存在争议，这取决于所使用的测量方法。本研究的目的是通过不同的测量方法，如自我报告、面部表情（颧肌和皱眉肌肌电图）和生理评估（皮肤电导反应和心率减速），比较认知重评和表达抑制这两种 ER 策略的有效性。参与者观看强烈不愉快或中性的图片，并执行 ER 任务。我们预计 ER 策略的实施将减少负面情绪，并且与表达抑制相比，认知重评会产生更大的负面情绪减少。自我报告数据显示，与抑制相比，重评对减少负面情绪的效果更大。在皮肤电导反应和肌电图评估中，重评和抑制之间没有差异。有趣的是，当参与者试图抑制自己的情绪表达时，心率减速反而增加，这可能反映了在试图抑制时所付出的努力。在呈现不愉快图片时，ER 策略会在皮肤电导反应和心率减速方面部分降低负面情绪。总体而言，重评在改变主观体验方面更为有效，而两种探索的 ER 策略的生理反应没有太大差异。因此，我们建议实验室中对 ER 策略的评估应采用多种测量方法，以得出更可靠的结论。
