Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Phys Sportsmed. 2022 Oct;50(5):400-405. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1947736. Epub 2021 Jul 5.
To determine if sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, depressive symptoms, or perceptions of sport participation differ between high-, moderate-, and low-specialized high school athletes with or without prior injuries.
During pre-participation physical examinations (PPE), high school athletes completed questionnaires on sport specialization level, history of time-loss orthopedic injury, perceptions of sport participation, as well as sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), fatigue, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®)). Athletes were grouped according to sport specialization level and history of prior time-loss orthopedic injury.
A total of 186 athletes completed the study: 49% (n = 92; mean age = 15.3 ± 2.0 yrs; 50% female) were low specialized, 34% (n = 64; mean age = 15.3 ± 1.3 yrs; 47% female) were moderately specialized, and 16% (n = 30; mean age = 15.7 ± 1.1 yrs; 57% female) were highly specialized. Groups were similar for demographics, training volume, and injury history. Compared to the moderate-specialization group, highly specialized athletes reported higher levels of fatigue (3.1 ± 3.7 vs. 1.5 ± 2.2; p = 0.02), anxiety (3.6 ± 4.1 vs. 1.8 ± 2.6; p = 0.02), and depressive symptoms (2.4 ± 4.0 vs. 0.8 ± 2.0; p = 0.02). No differences in psychometric ratings, sleep quality, or perceptions of sport participation were observed between the low/moderate- or low/high-specialization groups. We did not observe any significant differences between groups who did and did not report a history of prior time-loss orthopedic injury.
Highly specialized high school athletes report higher levels of fatigue, more anxiety symptoms, and more depressive symptoms than their moderately specialized peers, despite no differences in training volume or injury history. Low specialized athletes did not differ from moderately specialized or highly specialized athletes in the aforementioned domains, and there were no differences in sleep quality across specialization groups. These findings add to the current body of literature on early sport specialization by illustrating the distinctive psychosocial implications of sport specialization and demonstrating the need for further prospective research.
确定是否存在睡眠质量、疲劳、焦虑、抑郁症状或对运动参与的感知差异，这些差异存在于高、中、低专项高中运动员中，无论他们是否有过先前的受伤史。
在赛前体检（PPE）期间，高中运动员完成了关于运动专项化水平、既往失时性骨科损伤史、对运动参与的感知，以及睡眠质量（匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI））、疲劳、焦虑和抑郁症状（患者报告的结果测量信息系统（PROMIS®））的问卷。运动员根据运动专项化水平和既往失时性骨科损伤史分组。
共有 186 名运动员完成了研究：49%（n=92；平均年龄 15.3±2.0 岁；50%为女性）为低专项化，34%（n=64；平均年龄 15.3±1.3 岁；47%为女性）为中专项化，16%（n=30；平均年龄 15.7±1.1 岁；57%为女性）为高专项化。各组在人口统计学、训练量和损伤史方面相似。与中专项化组相比，高专项化运动员报告的疲劳程度更高（3.1±3.7 与 1.5±2.2；p=0.02）、焦虑程度更高（3.6±4.1 与 1.8±2.6；p=0.02）和抑郁症状更多（2.4±4.0 与 0.8±2.0；p=0.02）。在心理测量评分、睡眠质量或对运动参与的感知方面，低/中专项化或低/高专项化组之间没有差异。我们没有观察到有或没有既往失时性骨科损伤史的运动员之间存在任何显著差异。
高专项化的高中运动员报告的疲劳程度更高、焦虑症状更多、抑郁症状更多，而他们的训练量和损伤史与中专项化运动员没有差异。低专项化运动员在上述方面与中专项化或高专项化运动员没有差异，且在专项化组之间睡眠质量没有差异。这些发现通过说明运动专项化的独特心理社会影响，并展示了进一步进行前瞻性研究的必要性，为早期运动专项化的现有文献增添了内容。
