ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
NanotecMARIN GmbH, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Biomater Sci. 2021 Sep 14;9(18):6052-6063. doi: 10.1039/d1bm00502b.
Conventional face masks to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission are mostly based on a passive filtration principle. Ideally, anti-COVID-19 masks should protect the carrier not only by size exclusion of virus aerosol particles, but also be able to capture and destroy or inactivate the virus. Here we present the proof-of-concept of a filter mat for such a mask, which actively attracts aerosol droplets and kills the virus. The electrospun mats are made of polycaprolactone (PCL) a hydrophilic, functionalizable and biodegradable polyester, into which inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) a physiological biocompatible, biodegradable and antivirally active polymer (chain length, ∼40 P units) has been integrated. A soluble Na-polyP as well as amorphous calcium polyP nanoparticles (Ca-polyP-NP) have been used. In this composition, the polyP component of the polyP-PCL mats is stable in aqueous protein-free environment, but capable of transforming into a gel-like coacervate upon contact with divalent cations and protein like mucin present in (virus containing) aerosol droplets. In addition, the Ca-polyP-NP are used as a carrier of tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which blocks the function of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein, an ion channel forming viroporin. The properties of this novel mask filter mats are as follows: First, to attract and to trap virus-like particles during the polyP coacervate formation induced by aerosol droplets on the spun PCL fibers, as shown here by using SARS-CoV-2 mimicking fluorescent nanoparticles. Second, after disintegration the NP by the aerosol-mucus constituents, to release polyP that binds to and abolishes the function of the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein. Third, to destroy the virus by releasing tretinoin, as shown by the disruption of virus-mimicking liposomes with the integrated recombinant viral viroporin. It is proposed that these properties, which are inducible (stimuli responsive), will allow the design of antiviral masks that are smart.
传统的预防 SARS-CoV-2 传播的口罩主要基于被动过滤原理。理想情况下，抗 COVID-19 口罩不仅应通过病毒气溶胶颗粒的大小排除来保护佩戴者，还应能够捕获和破坏或使病毒失活。在这里，我们提出了一种用于此类口罩的过滤垫的概念验证，该过滤垫可主动吸引气溶胶液滴并杀死病毒。该静电纺丝垫由聚己内酯（PCL）制成，PCL 是一种亲水性、可功能化和可生物降解的聚酯，其中已整合了无机多磷酸盐（polyP），polyP 是一种生理上相容的、可生物降解的和抗病毒活性的聚合物（链长约 40 个 P 单元）。已使用可溶性 Na-polyP 和无定形的钙多磷酸盐纳米颗粒（Ca-polyP-NP）。在这种组成中，PCL 多磷酸盐垫的多磷酸盐成分在不含蛋白质的水性环境中稳定，但能够在与气溶胶液滴中存在的二价阳离子和蛋白质（如粘蛋白）接触时转化为凝胶状共凝聚物。此外，Ca-polyP-NP 用作维甲酸（全反式维甲酸）的载体，维甲酸阻断 SARS-CoV-2 包膜（E）蛋白的功能，E 蛋白是一种形成离子通道的病毒孔蛋白。这种新型口罩过滤垫具有以下特性：首先，通过气溶胶液滴在纺制的 PCL 纤维上诱导的多磷酸盐共凝聚物的形成来吸引和捕获类似病毒的颗粒，如本文所示，使用 SARS-CoV-2 模拟荧光纳米颗粒。其次，在气溶胶-粘液成分使 NP 解体后，释放与病毒刺突蛋白的受体结合域结合并消除其功能的多磷酸盐。第三，通过释放维甲酸破坏病毒，如整合的重组病毒孔蛋白破坏模拟病毒的脂质体所示。据推测，这些具有诱导性（响应刺激）的特性将允许设计出智能的抗病毒口罩。
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