Laycock Adam, Wright Matthew D, Römer Isabella, Buckley Alison, Smith Rachel
Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK.
Atmos Environ X. 2020 Dec;8:100079. doi: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100079.
Nanoparticles have been incorporated into a range of consumer spray products, providing the potential for inadvertent inhalation by users and bystanders. The levels and characteristics of nanoparticle inhalation exposures arising from the use of such products are important inputs to risk assessments and informing dose regimes for and studies investigating hazard potentials. To date, only a small number of studies have been undertaken to explore both the aerosols generated from such products and the metal nanoparticles within them. The objective of the current study was to add to the limited data in this field by investigating a range of nano-containing spray products available within the UK. Six products were selected and the nanoparticles characterised using a combination of techniques, including: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) and single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS). The aerosol produced by these products, when sprayed within a glovebox, was characterised by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). A cascade impactor with thirteen stages (NanoMOUDI) was used with one product to generate information on the size specific nanoparticle elemental distribution within the aerosol. The results demonstrated the presence of solid nanoparticles (silver, gold or silica) in each of the products at low concentrations (<13 ppm). TEM and (sp)ICP-MS provided reliable information on nanoparticle size, shape, number and mass, while the light scattering methods were less effective due to the complex matrices of the products and their lack of chemical specificity. The aerosols varied significantly across products, with particle and mass concentrations spanning 5 orders of magnitude (10 - 10 cm and 0.3-7600 μg m, respectively). The NanoMOUDI results clearly indicated non-uniform distribution of silver within different aerosol particle size ranges.
纳米颗粒已被添加到一系列消费喷雾产品中，这使得使用者和旁观者有可能意外吸入。使用此类产品导致的纳米颗粒吸入暴露的水平和特征，是风险评估的重要依据，也为研究潜在危害的剂量方案提供了参考。迄今为止，仅有少数研究探索了此类产品产生的气溶胶及其所含的金属纳米颗粒。本研究的目的是通过调查英国市场上一系列含纳米颗粒的喷雾产品，来补充该领域有限的数据。我们选择了六种产品，并结合多种技术对纳米颗粒进行表征，这些技术包括：电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）、动态光散射法（DLS）、纳米颗粒跟踪分析法（NTA）、透射电子显微镜-能量色散X射线光谱法（TEM-EDX）和单颗粒ICP-MS（spICP-MS）。当这些产品在手套箱内喷雾时，所产生的气溶胶通过扫描迁移率粒径谱仪（SMPS）和空气动力学粒径谱仪（APS）进行表征。我们使用一款产品搭配一个具有13个级别的级联冲击器（NanoMOUDI），以获取气溶胶中特定粒径纳米颗粒元素分布的信息。结果表明，每种产品中均存在低浓度（<13 ppm）的固体纳米颗粒（银、金或二氧化硅）。透射电子显微镜和（sp）ICP-MS提供了有关纳米颗粒大小、形状、数量和质量的可靠信息，而由于产品基质复杂且缺乏化学特异性，光散射方法的效果较差。不同产品产生的气溶胶差异显著，颗粒浓度和质量浓度范围跨越5个数量级（分别为10⁴ - 10⁹ cm⁻³和0.3 - 7600 μg m⁻³）。NanoMOUDI的结果清楚地表明，银在不同气溶胶粒径范围内分布不均。
