Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Gene Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Environ Res. 2021 Oct;201:111555. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111555. Epub 2021 Jun 28.
Several factors ranging from environmental risks to the genetics of the virus and that of the hosts, affect the spread of COVID-19. The impact of physicochemical variables on virus vitality and spread should be taken into account in experimental and clinical studies. Another avenue to explore is the effect of diet and its interaction with the immune system on SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rate. Past year have witnessed extensive studies on virus and pathophysiology of the COVID-19 disease and the cellular mechanisms of virus spreading. However, our knowledge has not reached a level where we plan an efficient therapeutic approach to prevent the virus entry to the cells or decreasing the spreading and morbidity in severe cases of disease. The risk of infection directly correlates with the control of virus spreading via droplets and aerosol transmission, as well as patient immune system response. A key goal in virus restriction and transmission rate is to understand the physicochemical structure of aerosol and droplet formation, and the parameters that affect the droplet-borne and airborne in different environmental conditions. The lifetime of droplets on different surfaces is described based on the contact angle. Hereby, we recommend regular use of high-quality face masks in high temperature and low humidity conditions. However, in humid and cold weather conditions, wearing gloves and frequently hand washing, gain a higher priority. Additionally, social distancing rules should be respected in all aforementioned conditions. We will also discuss different routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cells and how multiple genetic factors play a role in the spread of the virus. Given the role of environmental and nutritional factors, we discuss and recommend some strategies to prevent the disease and protect the population against COVID-19. Since an effective vaccine can prevent the transmission of communicable diseases and abolish pandemics, we added a brief review of candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
从环境风险到病毒和宿主的遗传因素，有几个因素会影响 COVID-19 的传播。在实验和临床研究中，应该考虑物理化学变量对病毒活力和传播的影响。另一个值得探索的途径是饮食及其与免疫系统相互作用对 SARS-CoV-2 感染和死亡率的影响。过去一年见证了对病毒和 COVID-19 疾病病理生理学以及病毒传播的细胞机制的广泛研究。然而，我们的知识还没有达到可以制定有效治疗方法的水平，以防止病毒进入细胞，或减少疾病严重病例中的传播和发病率。感染的风险与通过飞沫和气溶胶传播以及患者免疫系统反应来控制病毒传播直接相关。限制病毒和降低传播率的一个关键目标是了解气溶胶和液滴形成的物理化学结构，以及影响不同环境条件下飞沫和空气传播的参数。不同表面上的液滴寿命基于接触角来描述。因此，我们建议在高温低湿度条件下定期使用高质量的口罩。然而，在潮湿寒冷的天气条件下，戴手套和经常洗手就显得更为重要。此外，在上述所有条件下都应遵守保持社交距离的规则。我们还将讨论 SARS-CoV-2 进入细胞的不同途径以及多种遗传因素如何在病毒传播中发挥作用。鉴于环境和营养因素的作用，我们讨论并建议了一些预防疾病和保护人群免受 COVID-19 侵害的策略。由于有效的疫苗可以预防传染病的传播并消除大流行，因此我们还简要回顾了 SARS-CoV-2 候选疫苗。
