Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Nutrients. 2021 Jun 17;13(6):2080. doi: 10.3390/nu13062080.
This study aimed to assess the relationship between breakfast composition and long-term regular breakfast consumption and cognitive function. Participants included 835 children from the China Jintan Cohort Study for the cross-sectional study and 511 children for the longitudinal study. Breakfast consumption was assessed at ages 6 and 12 through parental and self-administered questionnaires. Cognitive ability was measured as a composition of IQ at age 6 and 12 and academic achievement at age 12, which were assessed by the Chinese versions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales and standardized school reports, respectively. Multivariable general linear and mixed models were used to evaluate the relationships between breakfast consumption, breakfast composition and cognitive performance. In the longitudinal analyses, 94.7% of participants consumed breakfast ≥ 4 days per week. Controlling for nine covariates, multivariate mixed models reported that compared to infrequent breakfast consumption, regular breakfast intake was associated with an increase of 5.54 points for verbal and 4.35 points for full IQ scores ( < 0.05). In our cross-sectional analyses at age 12, consuming grain/rice or meat/egg 6-7 days per week was significantly associated with higher verbal, performance, and full-scale IQs, by 3.56, 3.69, and 4.56 points, respectively ( < 0.05), compared with consuming grain/rice 0-2 days per week. Regular meat/egg consumption appeared to facilitate academic achievement (mean difference = 0.232, = 0.043). No association was found between fruit/vegetable and dairy consumption and cognitive ability. In this 6-year longitudinal study, regular breakfast habits are associated with higher IQ. Frequent grain/rice and meat/egg consumption during breakfast may be linked with improved cognitive function in youth.
本研究旨在评估早餐构成与长期规律吃早餐和认知功能之间的关系。参与者包括来自中国金坛队列研究的 835 名儿童（用于横断面研究）和 511 名儿童（用于纵向研究）。通过父母和自我管理的问卷评估早餐消费情况。在 6 岁和 12 岁时，通过中国版韦氏智力量表和标准化学校报告分别评估认知能力和学业成绩，作为智商的组成部分。采用多变量一般线性和混合模型来评估早餐消费、早餐构成与认知表现之间的关系。在纵向分析中，94.7%的参与者每周至少吃 4 天早餐。在控制了 9 个协变量后，多元混合模型报告称，与不规律吃早餐相比，规律吃早餐与言语智商和全智商得分分别增加 5.54 分和 4.35 分（<0.05）。在我们 12 岁时的横断面分析中，每周吃 6-7 天谷物/米饭或肉/蛋与言语、表现和全量表智商分别高出 3.56、3.69 和 4.56 分（<0.05），而每周吃谷物/米饭 0-2 天的得分则较低。规律地吃肉/蛋似乎有助于学业成绩（平均差异=0.232，=0.043）。水果/蔬菜和奶制品的消费与认知能力之间没有关联。在这项为期 6 年的纵向研究中，规律的早餐习惯与更高的智商有关。早餐时经常摄入谷物/米饭和肉/蛋可能与青少年认知功能的提高有关。
