School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Design Institute for Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Health Discovery Building, 1601 Trinity St, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
TU Dublin School of Creative Arts, Technological University Dublin City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland.
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021 Dec;17(12):2036-2043. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.06.015. Epub 2021 Jun 26.
Challenges faced by health systems have become increasingly complex, and expanding the range of methodological options available via interdisciplinary collaboration is important to enable researchers to address them. As complexity increases, it can be more difficult to ensure solutions remain patient-centered. Human-centered design is an approach that focuses on engaging with and understanding the needs of all services users while retaining a systems perspective. Therefore, design professionals skilled in these approaches are increasingly collaborating within health systems in pharmacy and health research teams. This methodological paper considers the potential contribution of human-centered design approaches to optimising development, implementation, and sustainability of patient-centered interventions in pharmacy and health services research. It provides an overview of human-centered design principles and their application, and outlines the emerging roles of design professionals in pharmacy and health services research. It focuses on three key human-centered design methods that can most readily be used by pharmacy and health services researchers. Journey mapping, prototyping, and user testing are discussed in detail. Journey mapping enables holistic visualisation of patient experience from practical and emotional perspectives. It may be used to visualize current practice or model potential future services, and can be informed by quantitative and qualitative data derived from both primary and secondary research. Prototyping facilitates exploration of interventions such as new services quickly and at low-cost. Health services researchers can utilize prototypes for services, processes, experiences, physical objects, environments, spaces, or digital tools for example. Formative evaluation and user testing supports rapid iteration of prototypes to ensure that they meet patient and healthcare professional needs. Finally, challenges with interdisciplinary collaboration and strategies to maximize the potential of using human-centered design approaches in pharmacy and health services research to address complex challenges, enhance practice and deliver benefits for service users, patients, and health systems are discussed.
卫生系统面临的挑战变得越来越复杂，通过跨学科合作扩大可用方法的范围对于使研究人员能够解决这些问题非常重要。随着复杂性的增加，确保解决方案仍然以患者为中心可能会变得更加困难。以人为中心的设计是一种方法，它侧重于与所有服务使用者互动并理解他们的需求，同时保留系统的视角。因此，在药剂学和卫生研究团队中，越来越多的具有这些方法技能的设计专业人员正在合作。本文从方法学的角度考虑了以人为中心的设计方法在优化药剂学和卫生服务研究中以患者为中心的干预措施的开发、实施和可持续性方面的潜在贡献。本文概述了以人为中心的设计原则及其应用，并概述了设计专业人员在药剂学和卫生服务研究中的新兴角色。本文重点介绍了药剂学和卫生服务研究人员最容易使用的三种关键以人为中心的设计方法。详细讨论了旅程图、原型设计和用户测试。旅程图能够从实际和情感角度全面可视化患者体验。它可以用于可视化当前实践或模拟潜在的未来服务，并且可以从主要和次要研究中获得的定量和定性数据中得到信息。原型设计促进了对新服务等干预措施的快速探索，成本低廉。卫生服务研究人员可以例如利用原型来开发服务、流程、体验、物理对象、环境、空间或数字工具。形成性评价和用户测试支持原型的快速迭代，以确保它们满足患者和医疗保健专业人员的需求。最后，讨论了跨学科合作面临的挑战以及最大化使用以人为中心的设计方法在药剂学和卫生服务研究中解决复杂挑战、增强实践并为服务用户、患者和卫生系统带来利益的策略。
