Fournier Elora, Roussel Charlène, Dominicis Alessandra, Ley Delphine, Peyron Marie-Agnès, Collado Valérie, Mercier-Bonin Muriel, Lacroix Christophe, Alric Monique, Van de Wiele Tom, Chassard Christophe, Etienne-Mesmin Lucie, Blanquet-Diot Stéphanie
Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France.
Laval University, INAF Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, G1V 0A6 Quebec, Canada.
Biotechnol Adv. 2022 Jan-Feb;54:107796. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107796. Epub 2021 Jul 9.
The human digestion is a multi-step and multi-compartment process essential for human health, at the heart of many issues raised by academics, the medical world and industrials from the food, nutrition and pharma fields. In the first years of life, major dietary changes occur and are concomitant with an evolution of the whole child digestive tract anatomy and physiology, including colonization of gut microbiota. All these phenomena are influenced by child exposure to environmental compounds, such as drugs (especially antibiotics) and food pollutants, but also childhood infections. Due to obvious ethical, regulatory and technical limitations, in vivo approaches in animal and human are more and more restricted to favor complementary in vitro approaches. This review summarizes current knowledge on the evolution of child gut physiology from birth to 3 years old regarding physicochemical, mechanical and microbial parameters. Then, all the available in vitro models of the child digestive tract are described, ranging from the simplest static mono-compartmental systems to the most sophisticated dynamic and multi-compartmental models, and mimicking from the oral phase to the colon compartment. Lastly, we detail the main applications of child gut models in nutritional, pharmaceutical and microbiological studies and discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
人体消化是一个多步骤、多腔室的过程，对人类健康至关重要，是食品、营养和制药领域的学者、医学界和工业界提出的许多问题的核心。在生命的最初几年，会发生重大的饮食变化，同时儿童整个消化道的解剖结构和生理机能也会发生演变，包括肠道微生物群的定植。所有这些现象都受到儿童接触环境化合物的影响，如药物（尤其是抗生素）和食品污染物，还有儿童期感染。由于明显的伦理、监管和技术限制，动物和人体的体内研究方法越来越受到限制，转而青睐互补的体外研究方法。本综述总结了目前关于从出生到3岁儿童肠道生理机能在物理化学、机械和微生物参数方面演变的知识。然后，描述了所有现有的儿童消化道体外模型，从最简单的静态单腔室系统到最复杂的动态多腔室模型，涵盖了从口腔阶段到结肠腔室的模拟。最后，我们详细介绍了儿童肠道模型在营养、制药和微生物学研究中的主要应用，并讨论了该研究领域面临的局限性和挑战。
