Trubetskaya Anna, Lin Chunshui, Ovadnevaite Jurgita, Ceburnis Darius, O'Dowd Colin, Leahy J J, Monaghan Rory F D, Johnson Robert, Layden Peter, Smith William
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
Energy Fuels. 2021 Mar 18;35(6):4966-4978. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c04148. Epub 2021 Feb 26.
Solid-fuel stoves are at the heart of many homes not only in developing nations, but also in developed regions where there is significant deployment of such heating appliances. They are often operated inefficiently and in association with high emission fuels like wood. This leads to disproportionate air pollution contributions. Despite the proliferation of these appliances, an understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions from these sources remains relatively low. Emissions from five solid fuels are quantified using a "conventional" and an Ecodesign stove. PM measurements are obtained using both "hot filter" sampling of the raw flue gas, and sampling of cooled, diluted flue gas using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor and AE33 aethalometer. PM emissions factors (EF) derived from diluted flue gas incorporate light condensable organic compounds; hence they are generally higher than those obtained with "hot filter" sampling, which do not. Overall, the PM EFs ranged from 0.2 to 108.2 g GJ for solid fuels. The PM EF determined for a solid fuel depends strongly on the measurement method employed and on user behavior, and less strongly on secondary air supply and stove type. Kerosene-based firelighters were found to make a disproportionately high contribution to PM emissions. Organic aerosol dominated PM composition for all fuels, constituting 50-65% of PM from bituminous and low-smoke ovoids, and 85-95% from torrefied olive stone (TOS) briquettes, sod peat, and wood logs. Torrefied biomass and low-smoke ovoids were found to yield the lowest PM emissions. Substituting these fuels for smoky coal, peat, and wood could reduce PM emissions by approximately 63%.
固体燃料炉灶不仅在发展中国家的许多家庭中至关重要，在大量使用此类取暖设备的发达地区也是如此。它们的运行效率往往很低，而且常与木材等高排放燃料一起使用。这导致了不成比例的空气污染。尽管这些设备很普遍，但对这些来源的颗粒物（PM）排放的了解仍然相对较少。使用“传统”炉灶和生态设计炉灶对五种固体燃料的排放进行了量化。使用原始烟气的“热滤”采样以及使用气溶胶化学形态监测仪和AE33黑碳仪对冷却、稀释后的烟气进行采样来获取PM测量值。从稀释烟气中得出的PM排放因子（EF）包含轻质可凝有机化合物；因此，它们通常高于通过“热滤”采样获得的排放因子，后者不包含此类化合物。总体而言，固体燃料的PM排放因子范围为0.2至108.2克/吉焦。确定的固体燃料的PM排放因子在很大程度上取决于所采用的测量方法和用户行为，而在较小程度上取决于二次空气供应和炉灶类型。发现煤油打火机对PM排放的贡献过高。有机气溶胶在所有燃料的PM组成中占主导地位，占烟煤和低烟卵形煤块PM的50 - 65%，以及来自烘焙橄榄石（TOS）煤球、草炭和原木的PM的85 - 95%。发现烘焙生物质和低烟卵形煤块产生的PM排放最低。用这些燃料替代烟煤、泥炭和木材可使PM排放减少约63%。
