Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
Chem Rev. 2022 Oct 26;122(20):15767-15821. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01321. Epub 2021 Jul 21.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial constituent of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria, playing a fundamental role in the protection of bacteria from environmental stress factors, in drug resistance, in pathogenesis, and in symbiosis. During the last decades, LPS has been thoroughly dissected, and massive information on this fascinating biomolecule is now available. In this Review, we will give the reader a third millennium update of the current knowledge of LPS with key information on the inherent peculiar carbohydrate chemistry due to often puzzling sugar residues that are uniquely found on it. Then, we will drive the reader through the complex and multifarious immunological outcomes that any given LPS can raise, which is strictly dependent on its chemical structure. Further, we will argue about issues that still remain unresolved and that would represent the immediate future of LPS research. It is critical to address these points to complete our notions on LPS chemistry, functions, and roles, in turn leading to innovative ways to manipulate the processes involving such a still controversial and intriguing biomolecule.
脂多糖（LPS）是大多数革兰氏阴性菌外膜的重要组成部分，在保护细菌免受环境应激因素、耐药性、发病机制和共生关系方面发挥着重要作用。在过去的几十年中，LPS 已经被彻底研究，现在有大量关于这种迷人的生物分子的信息。在这篇综述中，我们将为读者提供 LPS 目前知识的第三个千年更新，重点介绍由于其独特的糖残基而具有固有特殊碳水化合物化学的关键信息，这些糖残基是其独有的。然后，我们将引导读者了解任何给定 LPS 都可能引发的复杂多样的免疫学结果，这严格取决于其化学结构。此外，我们将讨论仍然存在的未解决问题，这些问题将代表 LPS 研究的未来。解决这些问题对于完善我们对 LPS 化学、功能和作用的认识至关重要，这反过来又为操纵涉及如此具有争议性和有趣的生物分子的过程提供了创新方法。
