Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea.
Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea.
Animal. 2021 Aug;15(8):100316. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100316. Epub 2021 Jul 20.
The complex microbiome colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants plays an important role in the development of the immune system, nutrient absorption and metabolism. Hence, understanding GIT microbiota colonization in neonatal ruminants has positive impacts on host health and productivity. Microbes rapidly colonize the GIT after birth and gradually develop into a complex microbial community, which allows the possibility of GIT microbiome manipulation to enhance newborn health and growth and perhaps induce lasting effects in adult ruminants. This paper reviews recent advances in understanding how host-microbiome interactions affect the GIT development and health of neonatal ruminants. Following initial GIT microbiome colonization, continuous exposure to host-specific microorganisms is necessary for GIT development and immune system maturation. Furthermore, the early GIT microbial community structure is significantly affected by early life events, such as maternal microbiota exposure, dietary changes, age and the addition of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, supporting the idea of microbial programming in early life. However, the time window in which interventions can optimally improve production and reduce gastrointestinal disease as well as the role of key host-specific microbiota constituents and host immune regulation requires further study.
定植于反刍动物胃肠道（GIT）的复杂微生物群在免疫系统发育、营养吸收和代谢中发挥着重要作用。因此，了解新生反刍动物的 GIT 微生物定植对宿主健康和生产力有积极影响。微生物在出生后迅速定植于 GIT，并逐渐发展为复杂的微生物群落，这使得 GIT 微生物组操纵成为可能，以增强新生动物的健康和生长，并可能在成年反刍动物中产生持久影响。本文综述了宿主-微生物群相互作用如何影响新生反刍动物 GIT 发育和健康的最新进展。在 GIT 微生物组定植后，持续接触宿主特异性微生物对于 GIT 发育和免疫系统成熟是必要的。此外，早期 GIT 微生物群落结构受到许多早期生活事件的显著影响，如母体微生物群暴露、饮食变化、年龄以及添加益生元、益生菌和合生元，这支持了早期生命中微生物编程的观点。然而，干预措施能够最佳地提高生产、减少胃肠道疾病的时间窗口，以及关键的宿主特异性微生物群组成和宿主免疫调节的作用仍需要进一步研究。
