Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 20;22(14):7724. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147724.
Bone damage leading to bone loss can arise from a wide range of causes, including those intrinsic to individuals such as infections or diseases with metabolic (diabetes), genetic (osteogenesis imperfecta), and/or age-related (osteoporosis) etiology, or extrinsic ones coming from external insults such as trauma or surgery. Although bone tissue has an intrinsic capacity of self-repair, large bone defects often require anabolic treatments targeting bone formation process and/or bone grafts, aiming to restore bone loss. The current bone surrogates used for clinical purposes are autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, which although effective imply a number of limitations: the need to remove bone from another location in the case of autologous transplants and the possibility of an immune rejection when using allogeneic or xenogeneic grafts. To overcome these limitations, cutting edge therapies for skeletal regeneration of bone defects are currently under extensive research with promising results; such as those boosting endogenous bone regeneration, by the stimulation of host cells, or the ones driven exogenously with scaffolds, biomolecules, and mesenchymal stem cells as key players of bone healing process.
骨损伤导致的骨质流失可由多种原因引起，包括个体内在的原因，如感染或代谢性（糖尿病）、遗传性（成骨不全症）和/或与年龄相关的（骨质疏松症）疾病；或外在的原因，如创伤或手术导致的外伤。尽管骨组织具有内在的自我修复能力，但大的骨缺损通常需要针对骨形成过程的合成代谢治疗和/或骨移植，以恢复骨质流失。目前用于临床的骨替代物有自体、同种异体和异种骨移植物，虽然有效，但存在许多限制：自体移植需要从身体其他部位取骨，同种异体或异种移植物可能引起免疫排斥。为了克服这些限制，目前正在广泛研究用于骨缺损骨再生的前沿疗法，并取得了有希望的结果；例如，通过刺激宿主细胞来促进内源性骨再生，或通过支架、生物分子和间充质干细胞等作为骨愈合过程关键参与者的外源性方法来驱动骨再生。
