Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Heydukova 10, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 29;22(21):11746. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111746.
Oral and craniofacial bone defects caused by congenital disease or trauma are widespread. In the case of severe alveolar bone defect, autologous bone grafting has been considered a "gold standard"; however, the procedure has several disadvantages, including limited supply, resorption, donor site morbidity, deformity, infection, and bone graft rejection. In the last few decades, bone tissue engineering combined with stem cell-based therapy may represent a possible alternative to current bone augmentation techniques. The number of studies investigating different cell-based bone tissue engineering methods to reconstruct alveolar bone damage is rapidly rising. As an interdisciplinary field, bone tissue engineering combines the use of osteogenic cells (stem cells/progenitor cells), bioactive molecules, and biocompatible scaffolds, whereas stem cells play a pivotal role. Therefore, our work highlights the osteogenic potential of various dental tissue-derived stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the progress in differentiation techniques of iPSCs into osteoprogenitor cells, and the efforts that have been made to fabricate the most suitable and biocompatible scaffold material with osteoinductive properties for successful bone graft generation. Moreover, we discuss the application of stem cell-derived exosomes as a compelling new form of "stem-cell free" therapy.
口腔和颅面骨缺损由先天性疾病或创伤引起，较为常见。在严重的牙槽骨缺损的情况下，自体骨移植被认为是“金标准”；然而，该手术有几个缺点，包括供体部位的供应有限、吸收、发病率、畸形、感染和移植物排斥。在过去的几十年中，骨组织工程结合基于干细胞的治疗方法可能代表了当前骨增强技术的一种可行替代方法。研究不同基于细胞的骨组织工程方法来重建牙槽骨损伤的数量正在迅速增加。作为一个跨学科领域，骨组织工程结合使用成骨细胞（干细胞/祖细胞）、生物活性分子和生物相容性支架，而干细胞则起着关键作用。因此，我们的工作强调了各种牙组织来源的干细胞和诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs）的成骨潜力、iPSCs 分化为成骨前体细胞的技术进展，以及为成功生成骨移植物而制造最适合和生物相容性的具有成骨特性的支架材料所做的努力。此外，我们还讨论了干细胞衍生的外泌体作为一种有前途的新型“无干细胞”治疗方法的应用。
