Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
Molecules. 2021 Jul 17;26(14):4335. doi: 10.3390/molecules26144335.
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. () and () genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of and mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
细胞壁是参与调节植物细胞生长、发育和抵御生物胁迫的最后一道前沿防线。纤维素和植物细胞壁的其他多糖是地球上最丰富的生物聚合物，其经济价值不断增加，因此在生物技术领域引起了极大的关注。纤维素生物合成是一个高度复杂的过程，依赖于纤维素合酶复合物的形成。（）和（）基因编码合成纤维素和大多数半纤维素多糖的酶。拟南芥和水稻是理解细胞壁合成的宝贵遗传模式和可靠的陆地植物代表。在过去的二十年中，人们在理解纤维素合成机制和构建植物细胞壁方面取得了巨大的研究进展。大量的（）和（）突变体已被鉴定，为单个蛋白同工型提供了功能见解。最近的结构研究揭示了 CesA 组装的模式和纤维素产生的动力学。遗传学和结构生物学产生了新知识，并加速了这一领域的发现步伐，最终为纤维素合成的操纵开辟了前景。本综述概述了汇集以前和最近的遗传和结构进展的主要突破，重点介绍了 CesA 和 Csl 催化结构域在植物中的功能。
