Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2021 Sep;25(9):757-775. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.06.001. Epub 2021 Jul 28.
Humans are remarkably limited in: (i) how many control-dependent tasks they can execute simultaneously, and (ii) how intensely they can focus on a single task. These limitations are universal assumptions of most theories of cognition. Yet, a rationale for why humans are subject to these constraints remains elusive. This feature review draws on recent insights from psychology, neuroscience, and machine learning, to suggest that constraints on cognitive control may result from a rational adaptation to fundamental, computational dilemmas in neural architectures. The reviewed literature implies that limitations in multitasking may result from a trade-off between learning efficacy and processing efficiency and that limitations in the intensity of commitment to a single task may reflect a trade-off between cognitive stability and flexibility.
（i）他们可以同时执行的控制依赖任务的数量，以及（ii）他们可以集中精力在单个任务上的强度。这些限制是大多数认知理论的普遍假设。然而，为什么人类受到这些限制的原因仍然难以捉摸。这篇专题评论借鉴了来自心理学、神经科学和机器学习的最新见解，表明认知控制的限制可能是由于对神经结构中基本计算困境的理性适应造成的。所综述的文献表明，多任务处理的限制可能是学习效果和处理效率之间的权衡，而单一任务承诺强度的限制可能反映了认知稳定性和灵活性之间的权衡。
