Mohd Yusoff Mohd Hizami, Ayoub Muhammad, Ramzan Naveed, Nazir Muhammad Hamza, Zahid Imtisal, Abbas Nadir, Elboughdiri Noureddine, Mirza Cyrus Raza, Butt Tayyab Ashfaq
HICoE - Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
ACS Omega. 2021 Jul 13;6(29):19099-19114. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02402. eCollection 2021 Jul 27.
The energy demand of the world is skyrocketing due to the exponential economic growth and population expansion. To meet the energy requirement, the use of fossil fuels is not a good decision, causing environmental pollution such as CO emissions. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources like biofuels can meet the energy crisis especially for countries facing oil shortages such as Pakistan. This review describes the comparative study of biodiesel synthesis for various edible oils, non-edible oils, and wastes such as waste plastic oil, biomass pyrolysis oil, and tyre pyrolysis oil in terms of their oil content and extraction, cetane number, and energy content. The present study also described the importance of biodiesel synthesis via catalytic transesterification and its implementation in Pakistan. Pakistan is importing an extensive quantity of cooking oil that is used in the food processing industries, and as a result, a huge quantity of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated. The potential waste oils for biodiesel synthesis are chicken fat, dairy scum, WCO, and tallow oil that can be used as potential substrates of biodiesel. The implementation of a biodiesel program as a replacement of conventional diesel will help to minimize the oil imports and uplift the country's economy. Biodiesel production via homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification is more feasible among all transesterification processes due to a lesser energy requirement and low cost. Therefore, biodiesel synthesis and implementation could minimize the imports of diesel by significantly contributing to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although, waste oil can meet the energy needs, more available cultivation land should be used for substrate cultivation. In addition, research is still needed to explore innovative solvents and catalysts so that overall biodiesel production cost can be minimized. This would result in successful biodiesel implementation in Pakistan.
由于经济呈指数级增长和人口不断膨胀，全球能源需求正在飙升。为满足能源需求，使用化石燃料并非明智之举，因为这会造成诸如一氧化碳排放等环境污染。因此，使用生物燃料等可再生能源可以应对能源危机，特别是对于像巴基斯坦这样面临石油短缺的国家而言。本综述描述了对各种食用油、非食用油以及废塑料油、生物质热解油和轮胎热解油等废弃物进行生物柴油合成的比较研究，涉及它们的含油量与提取、十六烷值以及能量含量。本研究还阐述了通过催化酯交换反应合成生物柴油的重要性及其在巴基斯坦的实施情况。巴基斯坦大量进口用于食品加工业的食用油，因此会产生大量废食用油（WCO）。可用于生物柴油合成的潜在废油包括鸡脂肪、乳渣、WCO和牛脂油，它们可用作生物柴油的潜在原料。实施生物柴油计划以替代传统柴油将有助于减少石油进口并提振该国经济。在所有酯交换过程中，通过均相和非均相催化酯交换反应生产生物柴油更可行，因为其能源需求较低且成本低廉。因此，生物柴油的合成与实施可通过对国内生产总值（GDP）的显著贡献，最大限度地减少柴油进口。尽管废油可以满足能源需求，但仍应利用更多可用耕地来种植原料。此外，仍需开展研究以探索创新型溶剂和催化剂，从而使生物柴油的总体生产成本降至最低。这将促使生物柴油在巴基斯坦成功实施。
